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Susceptibilities Of Salmonella Typhi And Other Bacterial Pathogens To Antibiotics And Hot Aqueous Extract Of Hibiscus Sabdariffa
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Salmonella typhi is an enteric bacterium responsible for causing typhoid
fever which has affected mankind since human population became large
enough to contaminate the supply of its water. It is a food borne
disease contracted by ingestion of bacteria in contaminated food or
water (jerry, 2007). The sources of infection could be through infected
food, poor kitchen hygiene, and excretions from either sick people or
infected but apparently clinically healthy people and animals, polluted
surface water standing water and so on. The signs and symptoms of the
disease has 4 phases, first week involves the slow rise in temperature,
headache, cough, malaise and abdominal pain. In the second week of the
infection, high fever in plateau around 40oC (104oF) and bradycardiac
(Sphygmothermic dissociation) and delirium is frequent. The patient may
be calm but sometimes agitated, thus it gave typhoid fever the nickname
called “Nervous feverâ€. In the third week, intestinal hemorrhage occurs,
Encephalitis, Neuropsychiatric symptoms, metastatic abscesses and
endocarditis is seen. The final week (fourth), the patient enters into
the typhoid state. The incidence of Salmonella infection may not be
perfectly known. This is because the majority of patients are treated as
outpatients and therefore hospital based studies will underestimate the
true incidence (W.H.O, 2006). However, the incidence of typhoid fever
in developing countries is higher compared to other developed countries.
The pathogenesis of typhoid fever is a complex process which proceeds
through several stages with an asymptomatic incubation period of
7-14days inversely related to the size of the infecting dose during
which bacteria invade macrophages spread throughout the
reticuloendothelial system. After passing through the pathological
stages, necrosis may occur. Salmonella typhi infection can be best
prevented by sanitation and hygiene. It can be controlled using a wide
variety of methods such as the use of vaccines e.g live oral Ty2la
vaccine (sold at Vivotif Berna). Diagnosis is by bone marrow or stool
culture and with a widal test i.e (demonstration of Salmonella
antibodies against O and H antigens). Treatment is by the use of
antibiotics such as ampicillin, chloramphenicol, trimethoprim,
sulfomethriazole and ciprofloxacin. Since some plants have been shown to
have antimicrobial effect against some pathogenic bacteria, especially
antibiotic resistant pathogens, this study is aimed at testing the
effect of H. sabdariffa on S. typhi and other pathogens such as
Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and
Klebsiella pneumonia. The aim of the study is to determine the invitro
effect of H. sabdariffa on a clinical isolate of S. typhi and other
pathogens. Below are the objectives of this study.
1.1. Objectives
 Collection and identification of H. sabdariffa flower
 Antibiotic sensitivity testing of the test organism
 Antimicrobial screening of H. sabdariffa extract against the test organisms.
 Investigation of the susceptibility of S. typhi and other pathogens to hot water extract of H. sabdariffa flower.
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ABSRACT - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]The susceptibilities of Salmonella typhi and other pathogens to antibiotics and hot aqueous extract of Hibiscus sabdariffa were investigated using agar diffusion and agar well diffusion methods respectively. Salmonella typhi was sensitive to ampicillin, cetriaxone, ciprofloxacin, gentamycin of ofloxacin and perfloxacin. Nitrofurantoin, ampicillin, clarithomycin and augumentin are resistant. Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp, and Staphylococcus aureus were sensitive to 50%, 70% and 60% of the anti ... Continue reading---
