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Evaluating The Levels Of Some Selected Trace Metals, Renal Function Parameters And Liver Function Parameters Of Heavy Cosmetics Users Among Female Undergraduates And Compare Levels With Non-cosmetic Users
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2.2.1 Hair Care Products
Hair care products are basically cosmetic products that are used for beautifying and maintaining the integrity of the hair by cleaning, relaxing, conditioning, dyeing as well as general hair styling. These products may include;
• Hair colouring: This is the practice of changing the colour of hair using hair dyes. Hair dyeing, which is an ancient art (Wecker and Johann,1661) involves treatment of the hair with various chemical compounds. Application technique may include “off scalp†(on some portions of the hair) as well as “on scalpâ€(for a more solid level of coverage). The four most common classifications of hair colouring are permanent, semi-permanent (sometimes called deposit only), semi-permanent, and temporary (Ullmann’s Encyclopedia, 2006).
Toxicity in hair dye products have been reported; lead acetate (the active ingredient in gradual darkening products such as Grecian formula) is toxic (Tukkeret et al., 2001) with lead acetate trihydrate causing reproductive toxicity (Lamb,1997). Forms of cancer (including leukaemia, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, bladder cancer, blood cancer, and multiple myeloma) have been shown with prolonged use of hair colour (Denoon, 2004).
• Hair conditioner: is a hair care product that changes the texture and appearance of hair. Hair conditioners are often a viscous liquid that is applied to the hair and massaged into the hair. It is usually used after washing the hair with shampoo. Hair conditioners may contain moisturizers, oils, acidifiers, surfactants, lubricants and sunscreen, among other ingredients.
• Hair gel: A hairstyling product that is used to stiffen hair into a particular hairstyle.
• Hair mousse: A hairstyling product added to hair for extra volume and shine. Its ingredients include water, alcohol, resins, emulsifiers (Johnson, 1997).
• Hair spray: Cosmetic product that is sprayed onto hair to keep it stiff or in a certain style. Basic ingredients may include copolymers of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and polyvinyl acetate (PV), alcohols to solubilize the copolymers, formaldehydes, phthalates as well as propellants.
Some individuals who have been repeatedly exposed to hair spray have exhibited clinical symptoms such as acute upper respiratory infections, shortness of breath on exertion, frequent colds, or chronic cough, and have shown X-ray abnormalities. These conditions (called thesaurosis, sarcoidosis or "storage disease") are believed to result from the storage of non-biodegradable molecules or particulates principally polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and its copolymers in the lung tissue. PVP has been found in lesions in the lungs and in the lymph nodes; the lesions usually regress when exposure to the hair spray is discontinued. The existence of this condition has not been conclusively established since it has not been confirmed by animal studies or by surveys of hairdressers; in fact, PVP has not been found in the lungs of several people with so-called thesaurosis. However, once deposited in the lungs, PVP appears to be taken up by pulmonary macrophages (cells that protect the body against infectious and noxious substances) and deposited in the lymph nodes, so it is not surprising that it often does not appear in the lungs. Some cases may result in alveolar-capillary-block syndrome in which the air sac walls of the lungs increase in thickness; the result is that less oxygen can reach the blood from the lungs (Nellie, 1987).
• Shampoo: At the base of each hair follicle are the sebaceous glands which secrete the oily substance called sebum. Sebum passes along the hair shaft by capillary action and coats the hair with a greasy layer. It lubricates and conditions hair, but tends to collect dirt Therefore, cleaning the hair involves the removal of this greasy layer of sebum. This is usually done with liquid shampoos consisting of surfactants (detergents) along with additives such as colors, fragrances, preservatives, anti-dandruff agents, opacifiers, viscosity modifiers, solubilizers and conditioner (Scheman, 2000).
Skin irritation, dermatitis or allergies associated with shampooing may result from the detergents/surfactants or additives such as preservatives, fragrances or colors. The hairdresser experiences repeated exposure to the hands while shampooing which may involve many cycles per day of wetting and defatting with removal of natural skin oils by detergents and drying. In addition to this, some shampoo ingredients (such as isopropyl myristate and triethanolamine) are skin irritants. Irritant dermatitis, the most common form of dermatitis in hairdressers, is especially prevalent among the younger workers such as apprentices and appears to be due to shampooing. The younger or newer workers in a salon tend to be the ones doing a large proportion of shampooing, rather than other hairdressing tasks (Nellie, 1987).
• Hair wax: A thick hairstyling product containing wax, used to assist with holding the hair. In contrast with hair gel, most of which contain alcohol, hair wax remains applicable and has less chance of drying out.
• Pomade: A greasy or waxy substance that is used to style hair. Pomade makes hair look slick and shiny, and does not dry it out. It lasts longer than most hair care products, taking up to several washes to remove. The original pomade of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries consisted mainly of bear fat or lard. Lanolin, beeswax, and petroleum jelly have been used extensively in the manufacture of modern pomades.
Other hair care products include hair tonic, hair serum and hair glue amongst others.
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ABSRACT - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]Abstract is coming soon ... Continue reading---
APPENDIX A - [ Total Page(s): 2 ]ALBUMINPipette into test tubes Reagent standard sampleDistilled water 0.01ml --- ----Standard (CAL) --- 0.01ml -- ... Continue reading---
QUESTIONNAIRE - [ Total Page(s): 2 ]APPENDIX IKWARA STATE UNIVERSITY, ILORINFACULTY OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCEDEPARTMENT OF MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE.BIOCHEMICAL PROFILE ON TRACE METALS, RENAL AND LIVER FUNCTION PARAMETERS OF KWASU FEMALE UNDERGRADUATES USING COSMETICSDear Respondent,This study was designed to evaluate the health risk associated with heavy cosmetic usage among female undergraduate in Kwara state University, Malete.The information obtained from this research will be used only for the purpose of the research and will ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER ONE - [ Total Page(s): 2 ]CHAPTER ONEINTRODUCTION1.1 Background of studyCosmetology which include nail and hair care has become a lucrative profession. (Halliday-Bell et al., 2009). The use and application of cosmetics have been shown to have some effects on the human system. There are about 9000 chemicals ingredients found in cosmetic products (Kersemaekers and Roelveld, 1995). Nail and hair care users have daily contact with cosmetic products and are therefore routinely exposed to a wide range of chemicals by inhalatio ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER THREE - [ Total Page(s): 2 ]CHAPTER THREE3.1 MATERIALS AND METHODS3.2.0 Study Population:3.2.1 Exposed SubjectsThe population for the study was centred on apparently healthy female undergraduate students who are cosmetic users. Subjects were also chosen considering exclusion criteria like chronic smokers as well as alcoholism.3.2.2 Non-Exposed Subjects (Control)Apparently healthy female participants that completely do not use cosmetics, recruited from the Malete Campus Community of the Kwara State ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER FOUR - [ Total Page(s): 4 ]CHAPTER FOUR4.0 RESULTSTable 4.1: Shows the comparison of anthropometric and clinical indices between heavy cosmetic users (lipstick users) (cases) and non-heavy cosmetic users (control). Data shows a mean age of patients with cosmetic users and non-cosmetic users to be 21.38 ± 0.43 and 22.03 ± 0.59 respectively. However, data shows an insignificant difference in the mean value of systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, height, weight and body mass index of cosmetic users compar ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER FIVE - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]CHAPTER FIVE5.0 DISCUSSION, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION5.1 DiscussionIn the present study, the concentrations of Copper cosmetics were observed to be slightly higher than the standard concentration, however its concentrations in the blood and muscles of the studied students were higher with heavy cosmetic users. Similar results were observed in different cosmetic products from El Max Bay Alexandria (Khaled, 2004). In the present study, the lowest concentrations of Cu were observed ... Continue reading---
REFRENCES - [ Total Page(s): 2 ]REFERENCESAbdo, M. H. and Yacoub, A. M. (2005). Determination of some heavy metals in water and fish flesh of common species in Bardawil Lagoon, Egypt. Egypt. Journal Analytical Chemistry, 14: 65-76.Al-Dayel, O., Hefne, J. and Al-Ajyan, T. (2011). Human exposure to heavy metals from cosmetics. Oriental Journal of Chemistry. 27(1): 1–11.Ames, B.N., Kammen, H.O. and Yamasaki, E. (1975). Hair dyes are mutagenic: identification of a variety of mutagenic ingredients. Proceedings of National Ac ... Continue reading---
