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Evaluating The Levels Of Some Selected Trace Metals, Renal Function Parameters And Liver Function Parameters Of Heavy Cosmetics Users Among Female Undergraduates And Compare Levels With Non-cosmetic Users
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Toxicity of Acetone
Acetone is believed to exhibit slight toxicity in normal use and there is no strong evidence of chronic health effects if basic precautions are followed. At very high concentrations, acetone is irritating and like many other solvents may depress the central nervous system; irritate the eyes on contact as well as shows pulmonary risk.
2.3.4 Toluene
Toluene is a colourless, water insoluble liquid with a smell associated with paint thinners. It is a monosubstituted benzene derivative consisting of a CH3 group attached to a phenly group. As such, its IUPAC systemic name is methylbenzene. It has a flash point of 60C. Its inhalation has potential to cause severe neurological harm (Streicher et al., 1981; Devathasan et al., 1984). It is a common solvent in paints, paint thinners, fingernail polish, lacquers, adhesives, and rubber and in some printing and leather tanning processes (ATSDR, 2000). It is found in many nail products, as it helps suspend the pigment throughout the liquid and helps form the smooth finish across the nail. Considering its volatility, it evaporates into the air as nail polish dries.
Toxicology Of Toluene
Depending on dosage and duration of exposure; exposure to low to moderate amount , day-after ¬day can cause tiredness, confusion, weakness, drunken-type actions, memory loss, nausea, and loss of appetite while high levels of toluene in a short time may cause light headedness, nausea, sleepiness, uncosciousness and even death. At high levels,toluene could possibly damage your kidneys. If alcohol is consumed with previous exposure to toluene, the combination affect the liver more than either compound alone as well as combinations of toluene and some common medicines like aspirin and acetaminophen may increase the effects of toluene on hearing (ATSDR, 2000). It has also displayed antidepressant-like effects in rodents in the forced swim test (FST) and the tail suspension test (TST) (Cruz et al., 2009). Toluene exposure has also shown dry or cracked skin; headaches, dizziness, and numbness; irritated eyes, nose, throat, and lungs; damage to liver and kidneys; and harm to unborn children during pregnancy (OSHA, 2012).
2.3.5 Phthalates
Phthalates are esters of phthalic acid and are mainly used as plasticizers. This represents one of the world’s high production chemical families, with over 18 billion/pounds of phthalates used each year researve. It provides flexibility and resilience to plastic products with diethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) being the most commonly used plasticizer in polyvinyl chloride(PVC). They are found in adhesives, automotive plastic, detergents, personal care products (cosmetics, shampoos, fragrances, etc) plastic bags, pharmaceuticals amongst others (Crinnion, 2010). In personal care products, phthalates provide flexibility, impart an oily “moisturizing†film, and help dissolve and fix other cosmetic ingredients (Blount et al, 2000). Most common phthalate may include; Dimethylphthalate (DMP), Diethylphthalate (DEP), Dibutylphthalate (DBP), Dipropylphthalate (DPP), Disononylphthalate (DINP), Diethylhexylphthalate (DEHP), Diisodedcylphthalate (DIDP); amongst others.
Pthalate Toxicity
A combination of limited human data and a wealth of animal studies show that phthalates can impair reproduction and development, alter liver and kidney function, damage the heart and lungs, and affect blood clotting. Studies that have focused on cancer as a phthalate-related health concern show that phthalates cause liver cancer in rodents, but many investigators have concluded that the cancer seen in animal tests is not relevant to people because of species differences in response (DiGangi et al., 2002).
Reproductive toxicity may include; prostate damage, female like areolas/nipples in males and females, and reproductive malformations in infants, including altered hormone levels, testicular atrophy, reduced sperm production and motility, undescended testes, hypospadias, Sertolicell damage, Leydig cell tumors and birth defects (Foster et al., 1983; Agarwal et al., 1985; Lamb et al., 1987; Heindel et al., 1992; Arcadi et al., 1998; Ema et al., 2001).
Phthalate metabolites have also been associated with obesity and insulin resistance in men (Stahlhut et al.,2007).
Phthalates (DEHP, DMP, DEP, DINE and DIDP) also increase liver weight, affect liver function, and alter liver enzymes in rodents (Kevy and Jacobson, 1982; Field et al., 1993). Also, effects due to phthalate exposure have been observed in both primates and humans. In a small study of monkeys, for example, DEHP caused adverse effects in the liver after leaching from PVC blood bags during blood transfusions (Jacobson et al., 1977). In contrast, transfusions given to two monkeys from polyethylene containers without DEHP did not cause liver damage. Human patients undergoing haemodialysis are also exposed to large doses of DEHP from PVC tubing. Changes in liver enzymes similar to those observed in animal studies are also seen in these patients (US-FDA, 2001). Phthalates such as DBP DEHP and DINP cause a variety of alterations in kidney function in animals including renal cysts, reduction in creatinine clearance, and transitional cell carcinoma (Woodward, 1990).
2.3.6 Coal Tar
This is a brown or black liquid of extremely high viscosity. It is among the by-products formed from the incomplete combustion of coal to make coal gas (Merket al, 1987). It is used as pavement and road sealcoat. Medically, it is used in medicated shampoos, soap and ointment, as a treatment for dandruff and psoriasis, as well as being used to kill and repel head lice. Coal tar is a known carcinogen derived from burning coal. It is a complex mixture of hundreds of compounds, many of which are polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) (Marston et al., 2001). It is found in shampoos and scalp treatments, soaps, hair dyes, and lotions. It is considered a known carcinogen by the National Toxicology Program and the International Agency for Research on Cancer.
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ABSRACT - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]Abstract is coming soon ... Continue reading---
APPENDIX A - [ Total Page(s): 2 ]ALBUMINPipette into test tubes Reagent standard sampleDistilled water 0.01ml --- ----Standard (CAL) --- 0.01ml -- ... Continue reading---
QUESTIONNAIRE - [ Total Page(s): 2 ]APPENDIX IKWARA STATE UNIVERSITY, ILORINFACULTY OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCEDEPARTMENT OF MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE.BIOCHEMICAL PROFILE ON TRACE METALS, RENAL AND LIVER FUNCTION PARAMETERS OF KWASU FEMALE UNDERGRADUATES USING COSMETICSDear Respondent,This study was designed to evaluate the health risk associated with heavy cosmetic usage among female undergraduate in Kwara state University, Malete.The information obtained from this research will be used only for the purpose of the research and will ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER ONE - [ Total Page(s): 2 ]CHAPTER ONEINTRODUCTION1.1 Background of studyCosmetology which include nail and hair care has become a lucrative profession. (Halliday-Bell et al., 2009). The use and application of cosmetics have been shown to have some effects on the human system. There are about 9000 chemicals ingredients found in cosmetic products (Kersemaekers and Roelveld, 1995). Nail and hair care users have daily contact with cosmetic products and are therefore routinely exposed to a wide range of chemicals by inhalatio ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER THREE - [ Total Page(s): 2 ]CHAPTER THREE3.1 MATERIALS AND METHODS3.2.0 Study Population:3.2.1 Exposed SubjectsThe population for the study was centred on apparently healthy female undergraduate students who are cosmetic users. Subjects were also chosen considering exclusion criteria like chronic smokers as well as alcoholism.3.2.2 Non-Exposed Subjects (Control)Apparently healthy female participants that completely do not use cosmetics, recruited from the Malete Campus Community of the Kwara State ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER FOUR - [ Total Page(s): 4 ]CHAPTER FOUR4.0 RESULTSTable 4.1: Shows the comparison of anthropometric and clinical indices between heavy cosmetic users (lipstick users) (cases) and non-heavy cosmetic users (control). Data shows a mean age of patients with cosmetic users and non-cosmetic users to be 21.38 ± 0.43 and 22.03 ± 0.59 respectively. However, data shows an insignificant difference in the mean value of systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, height, weight and body mass index of cosmetic users compar ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER FIVE - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]CHAPTER FIVE5.0 DISCUSSION, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION5.1 DiscussionIn the present study, the concentrations of Copper cosmetics were observed to be slightly higher than the standard concentration, however its concentrations in the blood and muscles of the studied students were higher with heavy cosmetic users. Similar results were observed in different cosmetic products from El Max Bay Alexandria (Khaled, 2004). In the present study, the lowest concentrations of Cu were observed ... Continue reading---
REFRENCES - [ Total Page(s): 2 ]REFERENCESAbdo, M. H. and Yacoub, A. M. (2005). Determination of some heavy metals in water and fish flesh of common species in Bardawil Lagoon, Egypt. Egypt. Journal Analytical Chemistry, 14: 65-76.Al-Dayel, O., Hefne, J. and Al-Ajyan, T. (2011). Human exposure to heavy metals from cosmetics. Oriental Journal of Chemistry. 27(1): 1–11.Ames, B.N., Kammen, H.O. and Yamasaki, E. (1975). Hair dyes are mutagenic: identification of a variety of mutagenic ingredients. Proceedings of National Ac ... Continue reading---
