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Evaluating The Levels Of Some Selected Trace Metals, Renal Function Parameters And Liver Function Parameters Of Heavy Cosmetics Users Among Female Undergraduates And Compare Levels With Non-cosmetic Users
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CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 DISCUSSION, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1 Discussion
In the present study, the concentrations of Copper cosmetics were observed to be slightly higher than the standard concentration, however its concentrations in the blood and muscles of the studied students were higher with heavy cosmetic users. Similar results were observed in different cosmetic products from El Max Bay Alexandria (Khaled, 2004). In the present study, the lowest concentrations of Cu were observed in the muscles of studied non-heavy users, similar to results recorded by (Khaled, 2004; Abdo and Yacoub, 2005; Yacoub (2007). Lead is non-essential element and higher concentrations can occur in cosmetics close to anthropogenic sources. It is toxic even at low concentrations and has no known function in biochemical processes (Burden et al., 1998). It is known to inhibit active transport mechanisms, involving ATP, to depress cellular oxidation reduction reactions and to inhibit protein synthesis (Waldron and Stofen, 1974). Lead was found to inhibit the impulse conductivity by inhibiting the activities of monoaminooxidase and acetylcholine esterase, to cause pathological changes in tissue and organs (Rubio et al., 1991) and to impair the embryonic and larval development of blood cells (Dave and Xiu, 1991).
The results showed that all the studied whereas their levels were more than the permissible limits of FAO (1983) and Australian NHMRC (1987) (0.5 µg/g dry wt.) for the first and (0.2 µg/g dry wt.) for the second. The concentrations of Pb in blood samples reflect their concentrations in the cosmetics and hence, their effects on haematological parameters.
Zinc is an essential element for normal growth, reproduction and longevity of animals (Sultana and Roa, 1998). Mining, smelting and sewage disposal are the major sources of zinc pollution (Skidmore, 1964). The maximum permissible level (MPL) of zinc, is 50 µg/g dry wt. according to Australian NHMRC (Bebbington et al., 1977) and 40 µg/g dry wt. according to Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO, 1983). Metal accumulation in tissues of fish is dependent upon environmental factors such as temperature, size and age of fish and processes of biotransformation and excretion (Zhou et al., 2001).  
5.2 Conclusion
Cosmetics, if correctly prescribed, may improve the performance of beauty therapy, whereas wrong procedures and/or inadequate cosmetics may worsen acne. Cosmetological recommendations may allow clinicians to make informed decisions about the role of various cosmetics and to identify the appropriate indications and precautions.
5.3 Recommendation
The use of specific moisturizers should be strongly recommended in all acne patients. The choice of the most effective product should take into consideration the ongoing pharmacological therapy and acne type/severity as well.
It is important to be an informed and educated consumer. Learn what’s in cosmetics and how they affect you and the environment. The agencies that control the safety of cosmetic products should work hard to ensure safety of the consumers of these products; the manufacturers of these products on their part have the responsibility to ensure the clinical safety of their products.
Based on the careful assessment of available data, it is concluded that there was evidence to suggest a relationship between the use of leave-on skin products, including cosmetic wet wipes containing MIT (Methylisothiazolinone), and the induction of contact allergy and allergic contact dermatitis. Therefore the removal of MIT from leave-on skin products including cosmetic wet wipes is expected to significantly decrease the incidence of induction of contact allergy to MIT.
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ABSRACT - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]Abstract is coming soon ... Continue reading---
APPENDIX A - [ Total Page(s): 2 ]ALBUMINPipette into test tubes Reagent standard sampleDistilled water 0.01ml --- ----Standard (CAL) --- 0.01ml -- ... Continue reading---
QUESTIONNAIRE - [ Total Page(s): 2 ]APPENDIX IKWARA STATE UNIVERSITY, ILORINFACULTY OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCEDEPARTMENT OF MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE.BIOCHEMICAL PROFILE ON TRACE METALS, RENAL AND LIVER FUNCTION PARAMETERS OF KWASU FEMALE UNDERGRADUATES USING COSMETICSDear Respondent,This study was designed to evaluate the health risk associated with heavy cosmetic usage among female undergraduate in Kwara state University, Malete.The information obtained from this research will be used only for the purpose of the research and will ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER ONE - [ Total Page(s): 2 ]CHAPTER ONEINTRODUCTION1.1 Background of studyCosmetology which include nail and hair care has become a lucrative profession. (Halliday-Bell et al., 2009). The use and application of cosmetics have been shown to have some effects on the human system. There are about 9000 chemicals ingredients found in cosmetic products (Kersemaekers and Roelveld, 1995). Nail and hair care users have daily contact with cosmetic products and are therefore routinely exposed to a wide range of chemicals by inhalatio ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER TWO - [ Total Page(s): 15 ]Toxicity of coal tarA review of the epidemiologic literature confirmed statistically significant associations between hair dye use and development of several types of cancer although the authors concluded that the evidence was insufficient to determine that the hair dyes had caused the cancers (Rollison et al., 2006). A separate study found that women who used hair dyes especially over extended periods had an increased risk of developing non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (cancer of the lymphatic system) (Z ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER THREE - [ Total Page(s): 2 ]CHAPTER THREE3.1 MATERIALS AND METHODS3.2.0 Study Population:3.2.1 Exposed SubjectsThe population for the study was centred on apparently healthy female undergraduate students who are cosmetic users. Subjects were also chosen considering exclusion criteria like chronic smokers as well as alcoholism.3.2.2 Non-Exposed Subjects (Control)Apparently healthy female participants that completely do not use cosmetics, recruited from the Malete Campus Community of the Kwara State ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER FOUR - [ Total Page(s): 4 ]CHAPTER FOUR4.0 RESULTSTable 4.1: Shows the comparison of anthropometric and clinical indices between heavy cosmetic users (lipstick users) (cases) and non-heavy cosmetic users (control). Data shows a mean age of patients with cosmetic users and non-cosmetic users to be 21.38 ± 0.43 and 22.03 ± 0.59 respectively. However, data shows an insignificant difference in the mean value of systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, height, weight and body mass index of cosmetic users compar ... Continue reading---
REFRENCES - [ Total Page(s): 2 ]REFERENCESAbdo, M. H. and Yacoub, A. M. (2005). Determination of some heavy metals in water and fish flesh of common species in Bardawil Lagoon, Egypt. Egypt. Journal Analytical Chemistry, 14: 65-76.Al-Dayel, O., Hefne, J. and Al-Ajyan, T. (2011). Human exposure to heavy metals from cosmetics. Oriental Journal of Chemistry. 27(1): 1–11.Ames, B.N., Kammen, H.O. and Yamasaki, E. (1975). Hair dyes are mutagenic: identification of a variety of mutagenic ingredients. Proceedings of National Ac ... Continue reading---
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