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Estimating Some Mechanical Properties Of Rock From In-situ Rebound Values
[A CASE STUDY OF OREKE OPEN PIT QUARRY] -
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CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Rock mechanics engineers design structures built in rock for various purposes, and therefore need to determine the properties and behavior of the rock. The UCS of rocks is one of the important input parameters used in rock engineering projects such as design of underground spaces, rock blasting, drilling, slope stability analysis, excavations and many other civil and mining operations. ISRM (1981) testing of this mechanical property in the laboratory is a simple procedure in theory but in practice, it is among the most expensive and time-consuming tests. This calls for transportation of the rock to the laboratory, sample preparation and testing based on the international standards. In order to carry out these standard tests, special samples, such as cylindrical core or cubical samples, need to be prepared. Preparing core samples is difficult, expensive and time-consuming. Moreover, the preparation of regular-shaped samples from weak or fractured rock masses is also difficult. Under these circumstances, the application of other simple and low-cost methods to carry out the above tasks with acceptable reliability and accuracy will be important. Therefore, indirect tests are often used to estimate the UCS, such as Schmidt hammer, point load index and sound velocity. Indirect tests are simpler, require less preparation and can be adapted more easily to field testing (Fener et al. 2005).
The Schmidt hammer rebound hardness test is a simple and non-destructive test originally developed in 1948 for a quick measurement of USC and later was extended to estimate the hardness and strength of rock. The mechanism of operation is simple: a hammer released by a spring, indirectly impacts against the rock surface through a plunger and the rebound distance of the hammer is then red directly from the numerical scale or electronic display ranging from 10 to 100. In other words, the rebound distance of the hammer mass that strikes the rock through the plunger and under the force of a spring, indicates the rebound hardness. Obviously, the harder the surface, the higher the rebound distances. (Torabi et al. 2010; Schmidt, 1951).
1.1 AIM AND OBJECTIVES.
Aim
The aim is to estimate some mechanical properties of rock from in-situ using Schmidt rebound hammer.
Objectives
To determine the mechanical properties of marble deposit.
To determine it suitability for industrial purposes
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
Collapse ,cracking of building and pot hole in roads has been an issue of concern in construction industries which may be caused due to lack of understanding and characteristic of rock lead to pre-failure and post failure so estimating will help to determine its utility and application
1.3 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT
To test for mechanical properties of Marble in Oreke using parameters such as Universal Compressive Strength, Young modulus, density etc with the aid of Schmidt rebound hammer.
1.4 JUSTIFICATION OF THE PROJECT
In determining the mechanical properties of marble with the constructed machine, so as to serve has a model for student in mineral exploration and relevant field of engineering which could serve as a guide to educate student by acquiring practical knowledge on how the Schmidt rebound hammer is being use and detailed maintenance.
1.5 LOCATION OF THE STUDY AREA
Oreke is about 120km south east of Ilorin, Kwara State. It is located at Ifelodun Area in Kwara State at Ire district, the senatorial district is known South. The marble site is about 4.5km South East of Oreke, about 2km access road from the site heads to Oreke Ore Ago road, Oreke is 2.5km from the access road.
Marble in Oreke is strictly dolomite, Oreke marble deposit covers up to 7 cadastral unit. A cadastral unit is about 450 metres. Abdulfatah, 2016.
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ABSRACT - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]ABSTRACTThe research deals with estimating some mechanical properties of rock from in-situ rebound value in Oreke open pit quarry ,N-Type Schmidt rebound hammer data were collected from Oreke open pit .the data were collected with the view to ascertain the suitability of Schmidt hammer for quick ,cheap and less cumber some estimation of the uniaxial compressive strength of marble .The data collection was strictly carried out by ASTM and suggested equation by different authors. UNIAXIAL COMPRES ... Continue reading---
LIST OF TABLES - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]LIST OF TABLESTABLES 4.1: Determination of Bulk Density for Location 4.2: Density Test Result for Location 4.3: Density Test Result for Location 4.4: Field Rebound Values 4.5: Standard Procedure of Bulk Density Determination 4.6: Standard for Uniaxial Compressive Strength (UCS) ... Continue reading---
LIST OF FIGURES - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]LIST OF FIGURESFIGURES 1: Details of an L type Schmidt hammer 2: Conversion Graph ... Continue reading---
TABLE OF CONTENTS - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]TABLE OF CONTENTSTITLE PAGE CERTIFICATION DEDICATION ACKNOWLEDGEMENT TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES LIST OF FIGURES CHAPTER ONE 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.1 AIM AND OBJECTIVES 1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM 1.3 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT 1.4 JUSTIFICATION OF THE PROJECT 1.5 LOCATION OF THE STUDY AREA CHAPTER TWO 2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 CONCEPT OF SCHMIDT REBOUND HAMMER 2.2 GEOLOGICAL FORMATION OF MARBLE 2.3 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF MARBLE ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER TWO - [ Total Page(s): 3 ]CHAPTER TWO2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW A literature review revealed that most of the empirical equations introduced for determination of the Uniaxial Compressive Strength (UCS) of rocks based on the Schmidt hammer rebound number (N) are not sufficiently reliable mostly due to the relatively low coefficient of correlations. This is attributed to the fact that in most cases one formula is used for all types of rocks, although the density of rocks is introduced to the formulae in some cases. On the ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER THREE - [ Total Page(s): 2 ]CHAPTER THREE3.0 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY (DESK WORK)The research methodology is the general research strategy that outlines. The way in which research is to be undertaken and among other things, identifies the methods to be used in it. These methods, described in the methodology, define the means or mode of data collection or sometimes, how a specific result is to be calculated. Methodology also is the systematic theoretical analysis of the methods applied to a field of study.Therefore, the N ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER FOUR - [ Total Page(s): 7 ]The result obtained for the uniaxial compressive strength range from lowest value to the highest value which is 1.15×1040mpa respectively. Base on the standard present by Deere and Miller (1966) and ASTM (2001). The mean value obtain which is6.22×1040mpa made the marble to be classified as a rock with very low strength. 4.3 DISCUSSION The average rebound value was used trace the UCS with the corresponding bulk density in figure (4.1.1). The result shows that the uniaxial comp ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER FIVE - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]CHAPTER FIVE5.0 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION5.1 CONCLUSIONThe need to test rock in order to determine their physical and mechanical properties cannot be overemphasized .However , laboratory testing procedures and equipment may be required to do this for engineering project .Hence, the Schmidt rebound hammer (RN) has being used by many researchers to measure the strength and other engineering properties of rocks. This usually enables a quick and easy means of measurement. Marble be ... Continue reading---
REFRENCES - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]REFERENCESAggestalis, G, Alivazators, (2000) Correlating Uniaxial Compressive Strength with Schmidt Hammer Rebound Number, Journal of Bulleting Engineering Geology, Vol. 5,4, ppg 3 – 11.ASTM, (2001) Standard Method for Determination of Rock Hardness of Rebound Hammer Method, ASTM Stand 04.09(D5873-00).ASTM. D-5873(2005) Standard Test Method for Determination of Rock Hardness by Rebound Value Method.Aufmuth, E.R. (2002). A Systematic Determination of Engineering Criteria for Rocks. Journal ... Continue reading---
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ABSRACT - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]ABSTRACTThe research deals with estimating some mechanical properties of rock from in-situ rebound value in Oreke open pit quarry ,N-Type Schmidt rebound hammer data were collected from Oreke open pit .the data were collected with the view to ascertain the suitability of Schmidt hammer for quick ,cheap and less cumber some estimation of the uniaxial compressive strength of marble .The data collection was strictly carried out by ASTM and suggested equation by different authors. UNIAXIAL COMPRES ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER ONE -- [Total Page(s) 1]
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CHAPTER ONE -- [Total Page(s) 1]
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