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Analysis Of Properties Of Kaolin Deposits In Nigeria
[CASE OF STUDIES OF KPANKOROGI AND IJERO-EKITI]
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CHAPTER TWO
2.0 Literature Review
2.1 Background of the Study
The importance of kaolin is remarkable as one of the most abundant clay rock in soil and sediments. Its properties are such that it interacts with other soil element to contribute to the mechanical stability of the soil column (Huertas et al, 1999; Chen et al., 2000).
Kaolin is a layered clay rock and product of advanced weathering process. One layer of the clay consists of an alumina octahedral shut and a silica tetrahedral sheet that share a common plane of oxygen atoms and repeating layers of the mineral are hydrogen bounded together. As a consequence of this structure, the silica/oxygen and alumina/hydroxyl sheets are exposed and interact with different components in the soil. (Grim,1968).
Frost (1998) discusses outer and the inner hydroxyl sheet. The outer groups are situated along the unshared plane of the alumina sheets while the inner groups are located along the plane that is shared with and borders on the silica oxide sheets. Hendershot et al.(1993).
The movement of the inner hydroxyl plane is restricted as a result of chemical bonding between the silica and alumina sheet.
As a consequence of its well-packed structure, kaolin particles are not easily broken or separated. Hence, most sorption activity occurs along the edge and surface of the structure.
Kaolin can form a barrier that is not easily degraded and naturally occurring sediments and deposits containing an abundance of kaolin interspersed with other minerals are effective in control the migration of dissolved species (Devidal et al, 1996). Clay impurities will depend on the genesis of the clay and will affect the degree of disorder and the particle size of the clay (Balan et al, 1999).
Unlike smectites, kaolin is non-expanding and as a result of its high molecular stability, isomorphorous substitution is limited or nonexistent (Mitchell, 1993). Kaolin is the last reactive clay (Suraj et al, 1998) however, it has high pH dependency enhance or inhibit the adsorption of metals according to the pH of the environment (Mitchell,1993), and this metal adsorption is usually accompanied by the release of hydrogen (H+) ions from the edge sites of the mineral.
Adsorption may also take place on the flat exposed, plane of the silica and the alumina sheets (spark et al., 1995).
The Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC) quantifies the clay ability to exchange cation and retain nutrients and is a measure of the clay quality.
2.2 Properties of Kaolin
Kaolin is an important and widely used industrial material which is made up of Kaolinite, a naturally occurring mineral of the clay family. Kaolinite (also called China clay or porcelain clay) has an intrinsic white colour, which is often stained brown or grey by impurities derived from parent rock (Marshal, 1999; Idenyi and Nwajagu, 2003).
Kaolin is triclinic in its crystal. Its physical properties include: a rarely hexagonal scale; perfect basal cleavage; flexible but not elastic; hardness 2 to 2.5; specific gravity in a range of 2.60 to 2.63; luster in nature and translucent to opaque in transparency. The grain size of kaolinite for example is said to range from below 1 micrometer to 50 micrometer (Heinskanen, 1996).
Kaolinite, the major constituent of Kaolin has a low shrink-swell capacity and a low cation exchange capacity (1 to 15 meq/100g). Fusion temperature 1850oC, PH of 5 to 7.5 an refractive index of 1.56 (Agi and Gbonhinbor, 2013).
Unlike Smectites, Kaolinite is non-expanding and as a result of its high molecular stability, isomorphous substitution is limited or non-existence (Mitchell, 1993).
Kaolinite has a greater shear strength than other clay minerals because of its compact structure, but the shear strength and friction angle of kaolinite will be reduced if intermolecular spaces are enlarged and swelling occur (Mitchell, 1993). Kaolinite is the least reactive clay (Suraj et al, 1998).
2.3 Uses of Kaolin
The uses of clay in general and kaolin in particular depend upon special properties of the clay particles.
Kaolin can be used in clay- polymer organic interactions as is applied in paints and inks (Velde, 1992), where kaolin is employed as an inert colloid al pigment (Brady and Clauser, 1979).
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ABSRACT - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]ABSTRACTThis study considered the mineralogical, elemental composition in form oxides and engineering properties such as particle size, specific gravity, bulk density; water content and atterberg limits of two kaolin deposits in Kpankorogi in Edu Local Government of Kwara State and in Ijero-Ekiti in Ijero-Ekiti Local Government Area, Ekiti State.This is with a view to assessing their potentials for Various industrial applications. The analyses includes X-Ray Diffraction (XRD and X-Ray Fluoresc ... Continue reading---
LIST OF TABLES - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]LIST OF TABLESTable 4.1: Engineering and physical properties of the samples Table 4.2: Grain Size Analysis of the samples Table 4.3: Chemical composition of the Samples Table 4.4: Mineralogical components of the Samples Table 4.5 Major elemental oxides tested by kaolin sample compared with chemical and industrial specifications ... Continue reading---
LIST OF FIGURES - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]LIST OF FIGURESFig. 3.1: Map of Nigeria Showing Kwara and Ekiti States Fig. 3.2: Map of Ekiti State indicating the study Area A Fig. 3.3: Map of Kwara State indicating the Study Area B Fig. 4.1: X-ray Diffractogram of Kpankorogi Kaolin Sample Fig.4.2: X-ray Diffractogram of Ijero-Ekiti Kaolin Sample ... Continue reading---
TABLE OF CONTENTS - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]TABLE OF CONTENTSTitle Page Certification Dedication Acknowledgement Abstract Table of Content List of Tables List of Figures CHAPTER ONE 1.0 Introduction 1.1 Aim and Objectives ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER ONE - [ Total Page(s): 2 ]CHAPTER ONE1.0 Introduction Kaolin is a clay rock and part of the group of industrial minerals with the chemical composition (Al2Si205 (OH)4.It is a layered silicate mineral with one tetrahedral sheet linked through oxygen atoms to one octahedral sheet alumina i.e. structurally composed of silicate sheet (Si2O¬5) bonded to aluminum oxide/hydroxide layer Al2 (OH)4 called gibbsite lay ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER THREE - [ Total Page(s): 6 ]CHAPTER THREE3.0 Materials and Methods3.1 Description of the Studies AreasKaolin samples were collected from two different locations namely: kpankorogi and ijero Ekiti.Kpankorogi in Edu local government area of Kwara State is located in northern part of Kwara state on latitude 08052’38-6’’N and longitude 04059’55.5’’E at 72KM distance from Ilorin, the state capital. The Kpankorogi ar ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER FOUR - [ Total Page(s): 5 ]The result of the oxide analysis is presented in the table 4.3. Elemental oxides found in the Samples are SiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3, TiO2, MnO, CaO, MgO, K2O, Na2O, CuO, ZnO, Cr2O5, V2O5 and Se2O3, Table 4.5 shows the requirement and industrial specification. SiO2 of both Samples can be used in refractory bricks, ceramics, Al¬2O3 meets the requirement for refractory bricks, ceramics, and coating, TiO2 meets the range and can be used in refractory bricks, rubber, ceramics, and bricks clay, CaO meet ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER FIVE - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]CHAPTER FIVE5.0 Conclusion and Recommendations5.1 ConclusionCompositional features and industrial applications of Kpankorogi and ijero Ekiti kaolin clay were analyzed based on mineralogy, Chemical composition and physical characteristics of the deposits. This is with the view to determining its suitability as industrial raw material. From the study, it is Obtained that kpankorogi kaolin clay deposit is predominantly Quartz but with hi ... Continue reading---
REFRENCES - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]ReferencesAderiye, J.(2005). Development of firebricks for furnances. M.Sc. Thesis, Acta 60 (4), 553–564. ADONDUA, S (1988). Indigenous Refractory Raw Materials Base for Nigerian Steel Industry Journal of the Nigerian Society of Chemical Engineers (NSCHE), (7): 2, pp. 322-327. Aliyu, A. (1996): Potentials of the Solid Minerals Industry in Nigeria Abuja: RMDC. Pp. 1-40, 63 – 83, 164 – 172 Aref, A. (2009): Characterizatio ... Continue reading---
