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Analysis Of Properties Of Kaolin Deposits In Nigeria
[CASE OF STUDIES OF KPANKOROGI AND IJERO-EKITI]
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3.3.6.1 Liquid Limit Test
Liquid limit test can be defined (Atterberg.1911) as the moisture content below which clay behaves as a plastic material and above which the remolded materials behave as viscous fluid. The limit is arbitrarily defined as water content at which the clay placed in a brass cup, which a standard grove will undergo a groove closure of 12.7mm when dropped 25 time (Bowels,1978).
Procedures
Pulverize dry sample was passed through a sieve of diameter 0.4mm. About 500g of the soil sample was poured on glass plate and mixed with water carefully to form a uniform paste with use of spatula. Some of the paste was put in cup of liquid limit device.
The surface was smooth and excess paste was returns to the glass paste. The grooving tool was used in holding device tightly to draw the groove. The crank was turned and required number of blow was obtained as the groove close by the flow of the soil. Number of blow was recorded the blows count were obtained by turn the crank of the liquid limit device at the rate of two revolutions as second on till the groove closes due to fluid flow. A representation portion of the sample was taken at this point and tested for water content determination. The paste in the liquid limit device was removed into plate and two drops of water was added to it and the procedure was repeated for four different numbers of blows the water content was determined. The minimum of blows is 10 and the maximum number of blows is 50. If the number of blows that closes the grooves less than 10, that means the clay as passed the liquid limit test. The excess of liquid limit test is to determine the maximum amount of water that the clay can take before it starts behaving like liquid.
3.3.6.2 Plastics Limits
This is the moisture content below which the clay behaves as non- plastic. It is in the range of water content between liquid limit and shrinkage limit that the clay behaves as a plastic material. Plastic limit can also be defined as the water content at which a soil which willed to a diameter of 3mm will just crumble (Bowles, 1978).
Plasticity is depends on the mineral composition of the clay and grain of the sample thus resulting in varied plasticity of clay. All these determine to a large extent on the amount that must be added to change a clay sample from its plastic state to liquid is an indication of the plasticity of the clay. Hence, different clay sample exhibit different district plasticity index.
All these are based on the fact that clay rock would behave differently in plastic limit determination; clay rock contains minerals that absorb water easily while the gravelly mineral contains lesser content of such minerals.
Apparatus
Weighting balance, oven, flat plate, sample can, and Desiccators.
Procedures
20g of sample was sieved through with a diameter of 0.063mm. The clay was poured on the flat plate glass and water added carefully to it. It was then mixed until it became homogenous and plastic enough to be shaped into a ball; small portion of sample was then rolled with the palm of the hand until the clay thread began to show obvious signs of crumbling portion for water content determination.
The procedure was repeated three more times and the average water content was taken, this is the plastic limit.
3.3.6.3 Shrinkage Limits
The linear shrinkage limit test is concerned with the change in length when clay sample are oven dried at 105oc for 24hours.This is done by placing a representative clay sample of known water content in a trough of known length. The length of trough is the length of the clay water mixture: from here, one can say the linear shrinkage test is performed in order to obtain a qualitative of how much change in moisture can occur before any appropriate change in volume occur (Bowels, 1978).
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ABSRACT - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]ABSTRACTThis study considered the mineralogical, elemental composition in form oxides and engineering properties such as particle size, specific gravity, bulk density; water content and atterberg limits of two kaolin deposits in Kpankorogi in Edu Local Government of Kwara State and in Ijero-Ekiti in Ijero-Ekiti Local Government Area, Ekiti State.This is with a view to assessing their potentials for Various industrial applications. The analyses includes X-Ray Diffraction (XRD and X-Ray Fluoresc ... Continue reading---
LIST OF TABLES - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]LIST OF TABLESTable 4.1: Engineering and physical properties of the samples Table 4.2: Grain Size Analysis of the samples Table 4.3: Chemical composition of the Samples Table 4.4: Mineralogical components of the Samples Table 4.5 Major elemental oxides tested by kaolin sample compared with chemical and industrial specifications ... Continue reading---
LIST OF FIGURES - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]LIST OF FIGURESFig. 3.1: Map of Nigeria Showing Kwara and Ekiti States Fig. 3.2: Map of Ekiti State indicating the study Area A Fig. 3.3: Map of Kwara State indicating the Study Area B Fig. 4.1: X-ray Diffractogram of Kpankorogi Kaolin Sample Fig.4.2: X-ray Diffractogram of Ijero-Ekiti Kaolin Sample ... Continue reading---
TABLE OF CONTENTS - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]TABLE OF CONTENTSTitle Page Certification Dedication Acknowledgement Abstract Table of Content List of Tables List of Figures CHAPTER ONE 1.0 Introduction 1.1 Aim and Objectives ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER ONE - [ Total Page(s): 2 ]CHAPTER ONE1.0 Introduction Kaolin is a clay rock and part of the group of industrial minerals with the chemical composition (Al2Si205 (OH)4.It is a layered silicate mineral with one tetrahedral sheet linked through oxygen atoms to one octahedral sheet alumina i.e. structurally composed of silicate sheet (Si2O¬5) bonded to aluminum oxide/hydroxide layer Al2 (OH)4 called gibbsite lay ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER TWO - [ Total Page(s): 2 ]Kaolin also finds application as crystal to promote organic reactions, such as petroleum cracking or de-polymerization of large organic molecules found in natural hydrocarbons as demonstrated by (Iglewe and Nwokolo, 2005).The grain size and shape of kaolin is used to advantages in the paper industry, where it is used both as a filling agent and as coating agent also printing inks tend to adhere better to kaolin –treated paper surface (Velde, 1992, Aliyu, 1996). Both grain and sha ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER FOUR - [ Total Page(s): 5 ]The result of the oxide analysis is presented in the table 4.3. Elemental oxides found in the Samples are SiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3, TiO2, MnO, CaO, MgO, K2O, Na2O, CuO, ZnO, Cr2O5, V2O5 and Se2O3, Table 4.5 shows the requirement and industrial specification. SiO2 of both Samples can be used in refractory bricks, ceramics, Al¬2O3 meets the requirement for refractory bricks, ceramics, and coating, TiO2 meets the range and can be used in refractory bricks, rubber, ceramics, and bricks clay, CaO meet ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER FIVE - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]CHAPTER FIVE5.0 Conclusion and Recommendations5.1 ConclusionCompositional features and industrial applications of Kpankorogi and ijero Ekiti kaolin clay were analyzed based on mineralogy, Chemical composition and physical characteristics of the deposits. This is with the view to determining its suitability as industrial raw material. From the study, it is Obtained that kpankorogi kaolin clay deposit is predominantly Quartz but with hi ... Continue reading---
REFRENCES - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]ReferencesAderiye, J.(2005). Development of firebricks for furnances. M.Sc. Thesis, Acta 60 (4), 553–564. ADONDUA, S (1988). Indigenous Refractory Raw Materials Base for Nigerian Steel Industry Journal of the Nigerian Society of Chemical Engineers (NSCHE), (7): 2, pp. 322-327. Aliyu, A. (1996): Potentials of the Solid Minerals Industry in Nigeria Abuja: RMDC. Pp. 1-40, 63 – 83, 164 – 172 Aref, A. (2009): Characterizatio ... Continue reading---
