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Analysis Of Properties Of Kaolin Deposits In Nigeria
[CASE OF STUDIES OF KPANKOROGI AND IJERO-EKITI]
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3.3.7. X-ray Diffraction.
X-ray diffraction can be done on a number of different kinds of samples. The ideal sample will be a crystalline powder that has been passed into a the sample holder, have a smooth of 45°degree solid samples, small volumes of sample taped an microscope slides glass or thin ohms, deposited on a subs tract can also be used, but will have varying degree of effectiveness’. The more the crystalline the more the samples will the better result by lowering the intensity of the beam from 40V and 40mA to 30V and 30mA.
The x-ray diffraction is part of the MSE cost center. The log must be filled out, it is recommended that this be done before and beginning a measurement as not to forget before the analysis will commence, the following should be observe:
Read through the procedure before starting.
Check the clam light on the right hand instrument.
Fill out x-ray diffraction log spread sheet on desktop.
Procedures for carryout X-ray diffraction in as follow:
Load the Sample
(a) Pressed open the door if the instrument (door should not yank open)
(b) Gently the door will slide open.
(c) Install the sample by holding it in place with one hand and with the other hand close the door locked.(if the position of the detection and sample stage are at uncomfortable angles, the devices in x-ray diffraction commander be more.
(d) Verify the silts in the anti- scattering and detector position (the silt size will be write down).To removed silts, carefully slide them out of their enclosure to replace, slide the silt and place with the beveled.
(e) Carefully slide doors together and gently but firmly press handles into interlock. (If the door is slammed shutting or if the handle don’t go into the interlock properly the safety circles, will trigger and shutdown the generator.
The care should be taken when open and closing the door of instrument.
On the computer expand X.R.D commander and raise power if necessary as follows:
Step 1: upon increments of 10voltage to 30sec between steps until 40voltage is reached
Step 2: milt from 5-10, then increment 10current until 40current is reached. Do not start a scan before completing this step.
Be sure that the live and requested voltage and current match before starting to ramping power.
On the x-ray diffraction commander shutter and x-ray be turn off.
For a quick scan
(a) In x-ray diffraction commander adjust tab at the bottom of the page, input scan parameter start and end 2g. The limits are 0-130-2g.
(b) Step size (for quick scan 0.5-0.1.2g)
(c) Star scan.
X-ray diffraction let us known about structure of the specimen (sample). It is versatile, non destructive method that reveals detailed information about the chemical composition, crystallographic and microscopic of all types of natural and manufactured materials. This technique is employed in sectors including materials research, university and colleges, building materials metals, minerals, plastic, pharmaceuticals and semi conductors. (Brady, et, al 1995).
3.8 X-ray Fluorescence
The chemical compositions of the clay samples were determined by X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analysis.
Samples were oven-dried at 100°C for 12 hours for adsorbed water measurements, and crushed. The powdered
Samples were then mixed with a binder (ratio of 1: 9 in grams of C-wax and EMU powder) at a ratio of 2: 9 (2 Gram binder and 9 gram sample). The powder mixture was then pelletized at a pressure of 15 Kbars for 1 minute.
Loss of Ignition (LOI) experiment was performed prior to major element analysis. The XRF analyses were carried out at the Kaduna Geological Survey department, Kaduna State.
P-analytical PW1480 X-ray fluorescence spectrometer using a Rhodium Tube as the X-ray source was used. The technique reports concentration as percentage oxides for major elements and minor elements.
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ABSRACT - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]ABSTRACTThis study considered the mineralogical, elemental composition in form oxides and engineering properties such as particle size, specific gravity, bulk density; water content and atterberg limits of two kaolin deposits in Kpankorogi in Edu Local Government of Kwara State and in Ijero-Ekiti in Ijero-Ekiti Local Government Area, Ekiti State.This is with a view to assessing their potentials for Various industrial applications. The analyses includes X-Ray Diffraction (XRD and X-Ray Fluoresc ... Continue reading---
LIST OF TABLES - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]LIST OF TABLESTable 4.1: Engineering and physical properties of the samples Table 4.2: Grain Size Analysis of the samples Table 4.3: Chemical composition of the Samples Table 4.4: Mineralogical components of the Samples Table 4.5 Major elemental oxides tested by kaolin sample compared with chemical and industrial specifications ... Continue reading---
LIST OF FIGURES - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]LIST OF FIGURESFig. 3.1: Map of Nigeria Showing Kwara and Ekiti States Fig. 3.2: Map of Ekiti State indicating the study Area A Fig. 3.3: Map of Kwara State indicating the Study Area B Fig. 4.1: X-ray Diffractogram of Kpankorogi Kaolin Sample Fig.4.2: X-ray Diffractogram of Ijero-Ekiti Kaolin Sample ... Continue reading---
TABLE OF CONTENTS - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]TABLE OF CONTENTSTitle Page Certification Dedication Acknowledgement Abstract Table of Content List of Tables List of Figures CHAPTER ONE 1.0 Introduction 1.1 Aim and Objectives ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER ONE - [ Total Page(s): 2 ]CHAPTER ONE1.0 Introduction Kaolin is a clay rock and part of the group of industrial minerals with the chemical composition (Al2Si205 (OH)4.It is a layered silicate mineral with one tetrahedral sheet linked through oxygen atoms to one octahedral sheet alumina i.e. structurally composed of silicate sheet (Si2O¬5) bonded to aluminum oxide/hydroxide layer Al2 (OH)4 called gibbsite lay ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER TWO - [ Total Page(s): 2 ]Kaolin also finds application as crystal to promote organic reactions, such as petroleum cracking or de-polymerization of large organic molecules found in natural hydrocarbons as demonstrated by (Iglewe and Nwokolo, 2005).The grain size and shape of kaolin is used to advantages in the paper industry, where it is used both as a filling agent and as coating agent also printing inks tend to adhere better to kaolin –treated paper surface (Velde, 1992, Aliyu, 1996). Both grain and sha ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER FOUR - [ Total Page(s): 5 ]The result of the oxide analysis is presented in the table 4.3. Elemental oxides found in the Samples are SiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3, TiO2, MnO, CaO, MgO, K2O, Na2O, CuO, ZnO, Cr2O5, V2O5 and Se2O3, Table 4.5 shows the requirement and industrial specification. SiO2 of both Samples can be used in refractory bricks, ceramics, Al¬2O3 meets the requirement for refractory bricks, ceramics, and coating, TiO2 meets the range and can be used in refractory bricks, rubber, ceramics, and bricks clay, CaO meet ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER FIVE - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]CHAPTER FIVE5.0 Conclusion and Recommendations5.1 ConclusionCompositional features and industrial applications of Kpankorogi and ijero Ekiti kaolin clay were analyzed based on mineralogy, Chemical composition and physical characteristics of the deposits. This is with the view to determining its suitability as industrial raw material. From the study, it is Obtained that kpankorogi kaolin clay deposit is predominantly Quartz but with hi ... Continue reading---
REFRENCES - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]ReferencesAderiye, J.(2005). Development of firebricks for furnances. M.Sc. Thesis, Acta 60 (4), 553–564. ADONDUA, S (1988). Indigenous Refractory Raw Materials Base for Nigerian Steel Industry Journal of the Nigerian Society of Chemical Engineers (NSCHE), (7): 2, pp. 322-327. Aliyu, A. (1996): Potentials of the Solid Minerals Industry in Nigeria Abuja: RMDC. Pp. 1-40, 63 – 83, 164 – 172 Aref, A. (2009): Characterizatio ... Continue reading---
