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The Effects Of Metformin And Diabinese On Female Sex Hormone Of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients
[UNIVERSITY OF ILORIN TEACHING HOSPITAL (UITH), ILORIN, KWARA STATE]
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2.1.1.3 OTHER TYPE (TYPE III)
This is where
diabetes mellitus is associated with other conditions, for example,
pancreatic disease, hormonal disorders and drugs such as glucocorticoids
and oestrogen-containing preparations. Depending on the ability of the
pancreas to produce insulin, the patient may require oral agents or
insulin (Rothe et al., 2008).
2.1.1.4 GESTATIONAL DIABETES MELLITUS
The
onset of Gestational diabetes mellitus is during pregnancy, usually in
the second or third trimester, as a result of hormones secreted by the
placenta, which inhibit the action of insulin (Rothe et al., 2008). It
occurs in about 2-5% of all pregnancies. About 30-40% of patients with
Gestational diabetes mellitus will develop type II diabetes within 5-10
years (especially if obese). Impaired glucose tolerance and statistical
risk groups are examples of Gestational diabetes mellitus (Rothe et al.,
2008). Statistical risk groups are individuals at greater risk than the
general population of developing diabetes, and the risk factors include
immediate family members with the disease and presence of islet cell
antibodies (Rothe et al., 2008).
2.1.2 CAUSES OF TYPE II DIABETES MELLITUS
In
Rothe et al., (2008), the causes of type II diabetes are described and
include genetic factors, immunologic factors, environmental factors and
infectious agents. The exact mechanisms that lead to insulin resistance
and impaired insulin secretion in type II diabetes are unknown. Genetic
factors are said to play a role in the development of insulin
resistance. In addition, the following risk factors are associated with
the development of type II diabetes: age, obesity, stress, depression,
family history and ethnic group (Sperl-Hillen et al., 2011).
2.1.3 SIGN AND SYMPTOMS OF DIABETES MELLITUS
The signs and symptoms present as a result of hyperglycaemia (excessive sugar in the blood). There is an increase in urine output (polyuria) which results from the glycosuria (glucose in urine) secondary to hyperglycaemia (Khunti and Davies, 2010). Patients experience increased thirst (polydipsia) which is secondary to osmotic diuresis and hyperosmolality. Increased appetite (polyphagia) results because of cellular starvation, and decreased storage of calories. Weight loss in the presence of polyphagia is due to the ineffective metabolism of carbohydrate, protein and fat. Weakness and lethargy are experienced as a result of inadequate energy production (Khunti and Davies, 2010).
Fatigue is another symptom of diabetes mellitus. Wounds heal poorly. They take a long time to heal due to poor blood circulation to the lower extremities. Vaginitis may be an early complaint in females. The person may also complain of blurred vision (Khunti and Davies, 2010). Dry mucous membranes, dry skin, tachycardia and nausea may also manifest if the patient is unable to take in enough fluids to replace the losses through osmotic diuresis (Khunti and Davies, 2010).
The signs of hypoglycaemia (a deficiency of sugar in the blood) are most commonly seen as side effects of insulin therapy or with the use of oral hypoglycaemic agents in patients with diabetes mellitus. Sign such as sweating, trembling and shakiness, which result from increased sympathetic stimulation, cause considerable discomfort. Patients can also experience palpitations, nervousness, hunger, faintness, weakness, irritability, headaches, visual disturbance, marked personality changes and confusion. A coma and convulsions can follow (Khunti and Davies, 2010).
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ABSRACT - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]ABSTRACT is coming soon ... Continue reading---
APPENDIX A - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]APPENDIX IQUESTIONNAIRE TO ACCESS THE ANTHROPOLOGIC AND DEMOGRAPHIC INDICES OF PATIENTS WITH TYPE TWO DIABETES MELLITUS ON ANTIDIABETIC DRUGS (METFORMIN AND DIABINESE) ATTENDING UITH ILORIN.INTRODUCTION: I am a final year students of the Department of Medical Laboratory Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Kwara State University, Malete, Kwara State. This questionnaire is aimed at accessing the demographic indices of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus on metformin and diabinese in Ilor ... Continue reading---
APPENDIX B - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]APPENDIX 11REAGENT COMPOSITION FOR ESTROGENEstrogen calibrates, Horseradish Peroxidase Conjugates, Estrogen biotinylated purified rabbit igG conjugates, Tetremethylbenzidine(TMB), wash buffer concentrate, assay buffer, Stop solution.REAGENT COMPOSITION FOR PROGESTERONEProgesterone calibrates, Horseradish Peroxidase Conjugates, Progetarone biotinylated purified rabbit igG conjugates, Tetremethylbenzidine (TMB), wash buffer concentrate, assay buffer, Stop solution. ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER ONE - [ Total Page(s): 2 ]CHAPTER ONEINTRODUCTION1.1 BACKGROUND OF STUDY Diabetes
mellitus is a group of metabolic disorders in which a person has high
plasma glucose, either because the body does not produce enough insulin,
or because cells do not respond to the insulin that is produced. The
high plasma glucose produces the classical symptoms of polyuria,
polydipsia and polyphagia (Rother, 2007). Type 2 diabetes mellitus,
formerly non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus or adult onset
diabetes, is a ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER THREE - [ Total Page(s): 6 ]3.7.2 REAGENT Materials provided with the kit: 1.
Antibody-Coated Wells (1 plate, 96 wells) Microtiter wells coated with
1.0 µg/ml streptavidin was packaged in an aluminium.2. Reference Standard Set (1ml/vial) Contains 0, 20, 100, 250, 500 1500,3000 in pg/ml with preservatives.3.
Rabbit Anti-estrogen Reagent (6 ml) Contains rabbit anti-estradiol
biotinylated rabbit igG conjugate in buffer, yellow dye with
preservatives.4. Estradiol enzyme reagent (6 m ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER FOUR - [ Total Page(s): 3 ]Table 4.4: Comparison of biochemical parameters (estrogen, progesterone and fasting blood sugar) between diabetic patients on metformin only and diabetic patients on combined metformin with other drugs (glimepride).Table 4.5 depicts the Pearson correlation of duration of diabetes and BMI with biochemical parameters (estrogen, progesterone and fasting blood sugar) in diabetic patients using antidiabetic drugs (metformin and diabinese).Data indicated a significant correlation between biochemical p ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER FIVE - [ Total Page(s): 2 ]CHAPTER FIVE5.0 DISCUSSIONType 2 diabetes mellitus, formerly known as non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus or adult onset diabetes, is a metabolic disorder that is characterized by hyperglycemia in the context of insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency (Vinay et al., 2008). Sex differences and the role of gonadal hormones in modulating insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance are of increasing interest and importance because of the increasing prevalence of type 2 diabetes me ... Continue reading---
REFRENCES - [ Total Page(s): 4 ]Murali, R. and
Saravanan, R. (2012). Antidiabetic effect of d-limonene, a monoterpene
in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Biomedical Prevention and
Nutrition.2:269-275.Neerati, P., Devde, R., and Gangi, A.K. (2014).
Evaluation of the effect of curcumin capsules on glyburide therapy in
patients with type-2 diabetes mellitus. Phytotherapeutic. Research.
28:1796-1800.Nelson, L.R. and Bulun, S.E. (2011).Estrogen production
and action. Journal of America Academic and Dermatology. 4 ... Continue reading---
