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Poverty And Youth Restiveness In Nigeria An Evaluation Of The Boko Haram Crisis
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1.3 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
The main thrust of this study, is to establish the following significance:
i. To ascertain the relationship between poverty and youth restiveness in Nigeria
ii. To find out if Boko Haram crisis poses it threat to development and Nigeria‟s corporate existence.
iii. To explore whether military option is capable of lacking the Boko Haram crisis in Nigeria.
1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
This
study will definitely put the 1cmp on the cake to already exuding
literatures of poverty and youth restiveness in Nigeria. Its importance
lies in the fact that it is currently a prevailing cancaworm and it is
very spontaneous and topical.
Moreso, it will act as a guide to the government in their guest the problems associated with poverty in Nigeria.
1.5 LITERATURE REVIEW
This
review is precisely concerned with pre existing views and perceptions
of various scholars and academicians as regards their contributions to
the subject matter, which is the research study. It is as a result of
this, that we will take two major variable into review/ these related
variables are poverty and youth restiveness.
When talking about poverty, organizations often use different definitions. According to the World Bank organization; it
Poverty
is defined relative to the standards of living in a society at a
specific time. People live in poverty when they are denied an income
sufficient for their material needs and when these circumstances exclude
them from taking part in activities which are an accepted part of daily
life in the society (UKCAP, 1997; Galloway, 2002).
What the world
bank organization is saying in essence is that poverty cannot be defined
separately without talking the economic situation into keen
consideration. When individuals or a given greater number of citizens in
a country cannot purchase their insatiable needs (both material and
non-material), then they can be referred to as wallowing an abject
poverty. This, according to the world bank organization, is as a result
of the denial of their income as a result of the fact that the
principles of „PAYE‟ i.e. pay as you earn, is not always applicable to
every
society; therefore, individuals tend to pay higher taxes than they
earn, and this leaves the bourgeoisies richer while the peasants and
proletariat keep on getting poorer.
According to the House of Commons
Scottish affairs committee: “These are basically three current
definitions of poverty in common usageâ€, these in clued: absolute
poverty, relative poverty and social exclusion. They not only mentioned
the afore listed, but also went ahead to elucidate on them.
Absolute
poverty is defined as the lack of sufficient resources with which to
keep the body and soul together. Relative poverty on the other hand,
defines income or resources in relation to the average. It is concerned
with the absence of the material needs to participate fully in accepted
daily life. Social exclusion as the third division of poverty, is a new
term often used by the government.
According to the prime minister,
social exclusion can be defined as …… a shorthand label for what can
happen when individuals or areas suffer from a combination of linked
problems such as unemployment, poor skills, low
incomes, poor
housing, hich crime environments, bad health and family breakdown. From
the afore mentioned, we can see that the farmer i.e. WBO, concluded or
rather condensed the absolute and relative poverty definitions of the
latter into a single meaning. Nevertheless, the definition given by the
House of Commons Scottish affairs committee is more comprehensive
because it encompasses all facets of human existence. We must note that
definitions differ according to their narrowness or breath that is in
terms of whether they are confined to the material core.
The nature of that material core and whether they embrace also rational/symbolic factors associated with poverty.
Nolan
and Whelan (1996:193) are among those who aroue for a definition
towards the narrower end of the scale on the grounds that too broad a
definition runs the danger of losing sight of the distinctive „core
notion of poverty‟.
Following Townsend (1996:188), they define poverty in terms of the inability to participate in society (which is
broader
than more absolute‟ definitions confirmed to subsistence needs), but
emphasize that what is distinctive is the inability to participate
owning to lack of resources. This confines their definition to those
areas of life where consumption or participation are determined
primarily by command over financial resources (1996:93) veit-Wilson,
1998,2004). By implication they exclude non-material elements found in
broad UN definitions, for example, ‟lack of participation in decision
makingâ€, “a violation of human dignity‟, powerlessness‟ and
susceptibility to violence‟ (cited in Langmore, 2000:37) similarly, they
exclude some of the non-material aspects emphasized by people in
poverty themselves, such as lack of voice, respect and self-esteem,
isolation and humiliation (UKCAP,1997, Galloway, 2002).
At this
juncture, we must note that it makes sense to pitch the definition of
poverty towards the narrower end of the spectrum of non poverty. Another
source of variation is definitions of poverty reflected in the
literature on measurement, lies in whether they are rooted an
conceptualizations that are concerned with; on the one
hand, a
person‟s material resources especially income, and on the other, with
actual outcomes in terms of living standards and activities (Nolan and
Whealan,1996).
Stein Ringer (1996) defined poverty from two
dimensions namely; the first case and the second case. In the first case
poverty is defined indirectly through the determinants of ways of life,
while in the second case, he defined poverty directly by way of life
(1987:146). Practically, these two approaches are often treated as
complementary (as in Nolan and Whelan‟s definition above.
Ringers own
definition is not unusual in combing the two: “a low standard of
living, meaning deprivation in way of life because of insufficient
resources to avoid such deprivation‟ (1987:146). Put simply, someone is
“poor†when they have both a low standard of living and a low income‟
(Gordon etal, 2000:91). A.B. Atkinson in his definition of poverty, make
a related, but more fundamental distinction between a concern with
standard of living and a concern with a citizen‟s right to minimum level
of resources (1989:12). He also added in 1990, that
poverty is
increasingly being conceptualized as a denial of human and citizenship
rights. This conceptualization of poverty is also helpful from the
perspective of understanding and combating written poverty.
Millar
and Glendimning (1991:464), propounded the feminist definition of
poverty, saying that the feminist concept of poverty can be described in
terms of an individual right to a minimum decree of potential economic
independence. This view, focuses on the individuals capacity to be
self-supporting on the grounds that people who are financially dependent
upon others must be considered vulnerable to poverty (1992:9). We must
note that the notion of vulnerability is helpful to understanding the
situation of women without an independent income who nevertheless enjoy a
comfortable standard of living. From these, we can now gather
information that poverty is the inability to participate in society
involving both a low income and a low standard of living.
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ABSRACT - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]Over the years, Nigeria was experienced series of attacks, agitations, restiveness and blests ranging from diverse regions and localities. References are; hostage thing in the south-south region, the Niger Delta militancy crisis, the Boko Haram crisis in Northern Nigeria (which is the case study of this research work) etc. most restiveness of youths has often been done under the puise of a ring or body, this makes their operational activities fast and broader. All these group exist in the divers ... Continue reading---
