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Perceived Causes And Prevention Of Malnutrition Among Primary School Pupils
[A CASE STUDY ILORIN EAST LOCAL GOVERNMENT, KWARA STATE]
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CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
Background of Study
Reducing malnutrition among children under the age of five remains a huge challenge in developing countries of the World. An estimated 30 million under – five children are believed to be chronically malnourished in developing countries (Van de Poel, Hosseinpoor, Jehu – Appiah & Speybroeck, 2008). Similarly, about 54% of deaths among children of this age group are believed to be associated with malnutrition in developing countries (FAO, 2008). In Sub-Saharam Africa, 41% of under – five children are malnourished and deaths from malnutrition are increasing on daily basis in the region (FAO, 2008). Malnutrition is widespread in Nigeria, especially in the rural areas. This is partly due to inadequate food and nutrient supply. The 2003 Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey revealed that 38% of under – five children in Nigeria are stunted, 29% underweight and 9.2% wasted (Ajieroh, 2010). These surveys indicated significant variation between the rural and urban areas with children from rural areas worse affected by malnutrition.
Most common form of malnutrition in Africa is protein energy deficiency affecting over 100 million people; especially 30-50 million children under 5 years of age (Maletnlema, 1992) and almost additional 200 in a retrospective semi – rural – community based study of million are at risk (Maletnlema, 1992). Up till now, children with PEM at Ile – Ife and Ilorin. Nigeria, we protein energy malnutrition (PEM), a known sequel of analyzed the demographics, weaning food insufficiency and poor social – economic conditions diets, weight – for – age deficits, family size as (Dulger et al., 2002) continues to be a major public well as parental socio – economic conditions, literacy health problem and a source of major concern in levels and annual per capita income. Employing the developing third world countries including Nigeria Modified, Welcome classification of PEM, based on various authors have identified the impact of a number weight – for – age (WA) deficits and presence or absence of risk factors underlying PEM. Involvement of the oedema, the children were categorized into the four nervous system by PEM is thought to result from the not only clinical syndromes of PEM including kwashiorkor, deficiencies of protein and energy alone but from marasmic – Kwashiorkor maramus and underweight.
Simultaneous deficiency of micronutrient related to their parents was categorized into social classes’ brain growth and development. Malnutrition is one of the biggest health problems that the world currently faces and is associated with more than 41% of the deaths that occur annually in children from 6 to 24 months of age in developing countries which total approximately 2.3 million, (Sandoval – Priego, Reyes – Morals, Perez – Cuevas, Abrego – Blass & Orrico – Torres, 2002). World Health Organization in 2001 reported that 54% of all childhood mortality was attributable, directly or indirectly, to malnutrition. Sub-Saharam Africa has a high prevalence of the different types of malnutrition, namely stunting, wasting and underweight, (Lutter & Rivers, 2003).
The United States is currently characterized by the coexistence of two forms of childhood malnutrition. On the one hand, the prevalence of overweight children has increased dramatically over the past two decades 1 (Hedley, Allison, Cynthia Ogben, Clifford L. Johnson, Margaret D. Carroll, Lester R. Curtin, and Katherine M. Flegal 2004). On the other hand, the degree of underweight among children has been unacceptably high for such a wealthy country (Polhamus, Delenius, Thompson, Scanlon, Borland, Smith, & Grummer – strawn 2003). Both forms of malnutrition create public health problems. For example, an overweight child is more likely to be obese as an adult and has a higher probability of suffering from Type 2 – diabetes, high cholesterol, high blood pressure, some types of cancer, and heart disease than is a child who is not overweight (Schwimmer, Jeffrey, Tasha, Burwinkle, James & Varni, 2003). Furthermore, the Surgeon General has linked childhood overweight to social discrimination and depression (U.S. Office of the Surgeon General 2001).
Malnutrition in all its forms amounts to an intolerable burden not only on the health systems, but the entire socio – cultural and economic fabric of the society and is the greatest obstacle to the fulfillment of human potentials. Child malnutrition is a huge public health problem in Africa that is not properly given the priority that it deserves. Malnutrition is largely a preventable and treatable cause of childhood morbidity and mortality that can be dealt with for less that USD 20 per child per year (Chiabi et al., 2008). According to WHO malnutrition accounts for 6.6 million out of 12.2 million deaths among children under 5 (54% of child mortality) in developing countries. In Nigerian and elsewhere about 35.7% and 47.5% of children under 5 years of age are moderately to severely undernourished respectively (Solomon, 1985; Roy et al., 2007). It known that almost any illness will impair a child’s growth. However in practice in developing countries, growth deficits are caused by interplay of two preventable factors: adequate food and infections.
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ABSRACT - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]ABSTRACTThe study examined the incidence of malnutrition among children in Ilorin East Local Government area of Kwara State. The objective of the study is to explore sickness as a result of malnutrition among children, investigate the majority of children as a result of the malnutrition among children, low body resistance to diseases, stunted growth as a result of malnutrition among children and succumb to infections as a result of malnutrition among children in Ilorin East Local Government Area ... Continue reading---
TABLE OF CONTENTS - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]TABLE OF CONTENTContents Title page Certification Dedication Acknowledgement Abstract Chapter One INTRODUCTION Background of the Study Statement of the Problem Purpose of the Study Research Questions Research Hypothesis Significance of the Study Delimitations of the Study Operational Definition of Term Chapter Two INTRODUCTION Introduction Definition of the Concept Malnutrition Malnutrition in AfricaMalnutrition among children and its Influence on Body Reducing Malnutritio ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER TWO - [ Total Page(s): 6 ]Surprisingly, Ghana has not seen much improvement in childhood malnutrition and mortality even with the remarkable gains in health infrastructure and investment since independence. Gains in pre-school malnutrition in post-independent era were reversed at the turn of the 21st century (Ghana Statistical Service, 2004). The past decade has witnessed an increasing trend of stunting but a slight decrease in underweight and wasting among children 5 year of and younger in Ghana (Ghana Statistical Servi ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER THREE - [ Total Page(s): 2 ]Reliability of the Instrument Reliability has to do with the consistency of the result, According to Koul (2001), Rose, (2001) is the stability, dependability and predictability of the tests or of the method been used. The reliability of an instrument is the degree to which it yields consistent results, when it is administered over a numbers of times. The researcher employed test retest method to find the reliability of the instrument. The researcher administered sample of twenty (20) ques ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER FOUR - [ Total Page(s): 5 ]Test of Hypotheses Hypothesis One Ho1: Sickness is not a significant result of malnutrition among children in Ilorin West local Government Area.Table 2 showed chi – square summary of sickness and malnutrition among children in Ilorin west Local Government Area, The calculated value is 71.866 and the table value is 16.92, degree of freedom of 9 at 0.05 alpha level of significance. The decision is to reject the null hypotheses if the calculated value is greater than cri ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER FIVE - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]CHAPTER FIVESUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMANDATION Summary The study investigated the incidence of malnutrition among children in Ilorin East Local Government Area of Kwara state. Data collected from two hundred (200) respondents was presented with appropriate tables with the use of frequency count and percentages while five hypothesis were tested in study the use of chi-square (x2) statistical method at 0.05 significance level. It has been able o found out in the study influence of sickness, in ... Continue reading---
REFRENCES - [ Total Page(s): 2 ]REFERENCESAjieroh, V. (2010). A Quantitative Analysis of Determinations of child and Maternal Malnutrition in Nigeria IFPRI Nigeria Strategy Support Program Brief No. 11, 2010.Alaimo, Katherine, Christine M. Olson, and Edward A. Fronggillo Jr.(2001). ‘’Food Insufficiency and American School-Aged Children’s Cognitive, Academic, and Psychosocial Development.’’ Pediatrics 108(1): 44-53.Babatunde, R.O. & Qaim, M. (2010). Impact of Off – farm income on Food Se ... Continue reading---
