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Perceived Causes And Prevention Of Malnutrition Among Primary School Pupils
[A CASE STUDY ILORIN EAST LOCAL GOVERNMENT, KWARA STATE]
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CHAPTER TWO
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
Introduction
This study investigated the incidence of Malnutrition among Children in Ilorin East Local Government Area Kwara State. In the light of the above, relevant literature on the field and related fields were in the following aspects were reviewed under the following sub – headings;
Definitions of the Concept Malnutrition
Malnutrition in Africa
Malnutrition among Children and its Influence on Body
Prevalence and Determinants of Malnutrition among Pre – School Children
Prevalence of Severe Malnutrition
Risk Factors of Malnutrition
Classifications of Malnutrition
Child Malnutrition and Cognitive Development
Management of Severe Malnutrition
Malnutrition with Co – Morbidities
Outcomes of Malnutrition
Appraisal of Literature Review
Definitions of the Concept Malnutrition
Malnutrition in all its forms amounts to an intolerable burden not only on the health systems, but the entire socio – cultural and economic fabric of the society and is the greatest obstacle to the fulfillment of human potentials. Child malnutrition is a huge public health problem in Africa that is not properly given the priority that it deserves.
Malnutrition is largely a preventable treatable cause of childhood morbidity and mortality that can be dealt with for less than USD 20 per child per year (Chiabi et al., 2008). According to WHO malnutrition accounts for 6.6 million out of 12.2 million deaths among children under 5 (54% of child mortality) in developing countries. In Nigeria and elsewhere about 35.7% and 47.5% of children fewer than 5 years of age are moderately to severely undernourish respectively (Solomon, 1985; Roy et al., 2007). It is known that almost any illness will impair a child’s growth, however in practice in developing countries, growth deficits are caused by interplay of two preventable factors: inadequate food and infections.
According to Sweet (2006) malnutrition is a condition where nutrition is defective in quality or quality. This condition is a worldwide problem especially in the developing countries where starchy tubers and cereals from the staple food. Malnutrition is a major public health problem of developmental concern with both health and socio – economic consequence. In the developing world, prevalence of malnutrition among under – fives is 41% with an estimated 230 million (39%) children being chronically malnourished (UNICEF, 2000).
Malnutrition in Africa
The most common form of malnutrition in Africa is protein energy deficiency affecting over 100 million people; especially 30-50 million children under 5 years of age (Maletnlema, 1992) and almost additional 200 in a retrospective semi – rural – community based study of million are at risk (Maletnlema, 1992). Up till now, protein energy malnutrition (PEM), a known sequel of food insufficiency and poor socio – economic conditions (Dulger et al., 2002) continues to be a major public health problem and a source of major concern in developing third world countries including Nigeria.
Various authors have identified the impact of a number of risk factors underlying PEM. Involvement of the nervous system by PEM is thought to result from not only deficiencies of protein and energy alone but from simultaneous deficiency of micronutrient related to brain growth and development. The aim of this study is to evaluate the pattern of PEM and associated neurological manifestations seen in our setting, and the impact of parental socio – economic conditions, childhood inter – current infections, weaning practices as well as parental production and childhood consumption of certain essential food items on the pathogenesis of PEM.
The World Health Organization estimates that approximately 150 to 200 million pre – school children (< 5-years) in developing countries are underweight and stunted, respectively. Interestingly, under 5 mortality is expected to increase in Sub-Saharam Africa where the prevalence of childhood malnutrition is about 41% compared to other regions of the developing world (Smith and Haddad, 2000; United Nations Children’s Fund, 2000; United Nations, 2005).
This current trend of malnutrition and under 5 mortality in Sub-Saharan Africa is far from that of the millenniuem Development Goal (MDG) (United Nations, 2006). Malnutrition, especially micronutrient deficiency, adversely affects health, congnition, motor development, and general growth of children 5 year of age and younger (Crawley, 2004). Malnourished children have also been found to score lower on the Bayley Scales of infant Development compared to their health counterparts (Keikhaei et al., 2007).
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ABSRACT - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]ABSTRACTThe study examined the incidence of malnutrition among children in Ilorin East Local Government area of Kwara State. The objective of the study is to explore sickness as a result of malnutrition among children, investigate the majority of children as a result of the malnutrition among children, low body resistance to diseases, stunted growth as a result of malnutrition among children and succumb to infections as a result of malnutrition among children in Ilorin East Local Government Area ... Continue reading---
TABLE OF CONTENTS - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]TABLE OF CONTENTContents Title page Certification Dedication Acknowledgement Abstract Chapter One INTRODUCTION Background of the Study Statement of the Problem Purpose of the Study Research Questions Research Hypothesis Significance of the Study Delimitations of the Study Operational Definition of Term Chapter Two INTRODUCTION Introduction Definition of the Concept Malnutrition Malnutrition in AfricaMalnutrition among children and its Influence on Body Reducing Malnutritio ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER ONE - [ Total Page(s): 3 ]Infections influence body size and growth through their effects on metabolism and nutrition. Additionally, UNICEF conceptual framework also recognize poor caring practices as equally important cause of malnutrition (UNICEF, 1990). Environmental factors have a profound effect on health and can make nutritional problems worse. A child who is well fed but drinks contaminated water and lives in polluted environment will not grow up healthy (UN, 2004). Studies have shown the association between i ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER THREE - [ Total Page(s): 2 ]Reliability of the Instrument Reliability has to do with the consistency of the result, According to Koul (2001), Rose, (2001) is the stability, dependability and predictability of the tests or of the method been used. The reliability of an instrument is the degree to which it yields consistent results, when it is administered over a numbers of times. The researcher employed test retest method to find the reliability of the instrument. The researcher administered sample of twenty (20) ques ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER FOUR - [ Total Page(s): 5 ]Test of Hypotheses Hypothesis One Ho1: Sickness is not a significant result of malnutrition among children in Ilorin West local Government Area.Table 2 showed chi – square summary of sickness and malnutrition among children in Ilorin west Local Government Area, The calculated value is 71.866 and the table value is 16.92, degree of freedom of 9 at 0.05 alpha level of significance. The decision is to reject the null hypotheses if the calculated value is greater than cri ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER FIVE - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]CHAPTER FIVESUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMANDATION Summary The study investigated the incidence of malnutrition among children in Ilorin East Local Government Area of Kwara state. Data collected from two hundred (200) respondents was presented with appropriate tables with the use of frequency count and percentages while five hypothesis were tested in study the use of chi-square (x2) statistical method at 0.05 significance level. It has been able o found out in the study influence of sickness, in ... Continue reading---
REFRENCES - [ Total Page(s): 2 ]REFERENCESAjieroh, V. (2010). A Quantitative Analysis of Determinations of child and Maternal Malnutrition in Nigeria IFPRI Nigeria Strategy Support Program Brief No. 11, 2010.Alaimo, Katherine, Christine M. Olson, and Edward A. Fronggillo Jr.(2001). ‘’Food Insufficiency and American School-Aged Children’s Cognitive, Academic, and Psychosocial Development.’’ Pediatrics 108(1): 44-53.Babatunde, R.O. & Qaim, M. (2010). Impact of Off – farm income on Food Se ... Continue reading---
