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Perceived Causes And Prevention Of Malnutrition Among Primary School Pupils
[A CASE STUDY ILORIN EAST LOCAL GOVERNMENT, KWARA STATE]
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In a severely malnourished child who has diarrhroea, mortality is high ranging from 67.3% - 71% and the cause of death is commonly due to dehydration and electrolytes imbalances. Death is also associated with septicemia, pneumonia, malaria and hypothermia (Okomo, et. al., 2001; Mitra, Rahman, & Fuchs, 2000; Irena, Mwambazi, & Mulenga, 2011; Black et. al., 2008; Roy et. al., 2011 Caulfield, Onis, Blössner, Black, 2004). Bacteremia in these children is so common. Organisms commonly isolated in malnourished children in blood, urine and stool culture are non-typhoid salmonella (13%), S. pneumonia (10%), E. coli (8%), E. coli account for 58% of the urinary isolates, but stool culture most of time has no growth of pathogens (Okomo; Garba; Fombah; Secka; Ikumapayi; & Udo, 2011). Malaria is common in severely malnourished children which was 10.2% in Sudanse children (Mahgoub & Adam. 2012).
In 2006 a study done at Muhimbili National Hospital (MNH) and Kilifi District Hospital (KDH) showed that co-morbidity contributed to 86% of death in severe malnutrition at MNH. The common co-morbidities was malaria (46%), PAIDS (38%), 10 diarrhroea (16%), septicemia (8%), and UTI (17%). Also it showed that 46% of edematous patients with co-infections died compared to only 19% of non-edematous patients with co-infections. At H, septicemia was the most common cause of death followed by TB and HIV (Sunguya, 2006).
Outcomes of Malnutrition
The preferable outcome of malnutrition is to reach normal standard weight for height/length after the nutritional supplementation in the ward. This outcome can be achieved by prompt treatment of all infections in these children with appropriate antibiotics, correction of the electrolytes, hypothermia, hypoglycemia, micronutrients and macronutrients following WHO criteria. In India, fatality rates were, fatality rate reported to be 50%, which was reduced to 25% after following WHO criteria’s (Puaone, Sanders, Ashworth, Chopra, Strasser, Mc Coy, 2004). Unpreferable outcomes include failure to gain weight for severe marasmic children and failure of reduced weight for the edematous children, failure of treatment of infected children. Death due to complications of malnutrition most commonly occur during the first 48 hours of admission (Irena, Mwambazi, & Mulenga98, 2011).
Appraisal of Literature Reviewed
Literatures from various sources have been of immense contribution to the study as works of scholars has been reviewed in this study out which defined concept of malnutrition as a condition where nutrition is defective in quantity or quality. This condition is a worldwide problem especially in the developing countries where starchy tubers and cereals from the staple food (Sweet, 2006). Malnutrition was identified as a major public health problem of developmental concern with both health and socio-economic consequences. In the developing world, prevalence of malnutrition among under-fives is 41% with an estimated 230 million (39%) children being chronically malnourished (UNICEF, 2000). It was also made known by maletnlema, (1992) that most common form of malnutrition in Africa is protein energy deficiency affecting over 100 million people; especially 30-50 million children under 5 year of age and almost additional 200 in a retrospective semi-rural-community –based study of million are at risk (maletnlema,1992).Up till now, protein energy malnutrition (PEM), a known sequel of food insufficiency and poor socio – economic conditions (Dulger et al., 2002) continues to be a major public health problem and a source of major concern in developing third world countries including Nigeria.
The number of underweight children was made known by World Health Organization estimates that approximately 150 to 200 million pre – school children (< 5 – years) in developing countries are underweight and stunted, respectively. Interestingly, under 5 mortality is expected to increase in Sub – Saharan Africa where the prevalence of childhood malnutrition is about 41% compared to other regions of the developing world (Smith and Haddad, 2000; United Nations Children’s Fund, 2000; United Nations 2005).
Child malnutrition is a huge public health problem in Africa that is not properly given the priority that it deserves. Malnutrition is largely a preventable and treatable cause of childhood morbidity and mortality that can be dealt with for less that USD 20 per child per year (Chiabi et al., 2008). Reducing malnutrition among children under the age of five remains a huge challenge in developing countries of the World. An estimated 230 million under – five children are believed to be chronically malnourished in developing countries (Van de Poel et al., 2008). Similarly, about 54% of deaths among children of this age group are believed to be associated with malnutrition in developing countries (FAO, 2008).
The prevalence of malnutrition among children was reviewed that malnutrition is largely a preventable and treatable cause of childhood morbidity and mortality that can be dealt with for less than USD 20 per child per year (Chiabi et al., 2008). According to WHO malnutrition accounts for 6.6 million out of 12.2 million deaths among children under 5 (54% of child mortality) in developing countries. In Nigeria and elsewhere about 35.7% and 47.5% of children under 5 year of age are moderately to severely undernourished respectively (Solomon, 1985; Roy et al., 2007).
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ABSRACT - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]ABSTRACTThe study examined the incidence of malnutrition among children in Ilorin East Local Government area of Kwara State. The objective of the study is to explore sickness as a result of malnutrition among children, investigate the majority of children as a result of the malnutrition among children, low body resistance to diseases, stunted growth as a result of malnutrition among children and succumb to infections as a result of malnutrition among children in Ilorin East Local Government Area ... Continue reading---
TABLE OF CONTENTS - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]TABLE OF CONTENTContents Title page Certification Dedication Acknowledgement Abstract Chapter One INTRODUCTION Background of the Study Statement of the Problem Purpose of the Study Research Questions Research Hypothesis Significance of the Study Delimitations of the Study Operational Definition of Term Chapter Two INTRODUCTION Introduction Definition of the Concept Malnutrition Malnutrition in AfricaMalnutrition among children and its Influence on Body Reducing Malnutritio ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER ONE - [ Total Page(s): 3 ]Infections influence body size and growth through their effects on metabolism and nutrition. Additionally, UNICEF conceptual framework also recognize poor caring practices as equally important cause of malnutrition (UNICEF, 1990). Environmental factors have a profound effect on health and can make nutritional problems worse. A child who is well fed but drinks contaminated water and lives in polluted environment will not grow up healthy (UN, 2004). Studies have shown the association between i ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER THREE - [ Total Page(s): 2 ]Reliability of the Instrument Reliability has to do with the consistency of the result, According to Koul (2001), Rose, (2001) is the stability, dependability and predictability of the tests or of the method been used. The reliability of an instrument is the degree to which it yields consistent results, when it is administered over a numbers of times. The researcher employed test retest method to find the reliability of the instrument. The researcher administered sample of twenty (20) ques ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER FOUR - [ Total Page(s): 5 ]Test of Hypotheses Hypothesis One Ho1: Sickness is not a significant result of malnutrition among children in Ilorin West local Government Area.Table 2 showed chi – square summary of sickness and malnutrition among children in Ilorin west Local Government Area, The calculated value is 71.866 and the table value is 16.92, degree of freedom of 9 at 0.05 alpha level of significance. The decision is to reject the null hypotheses if the calculated value is greater than cri ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER FIVE - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]CHAPTER FIVESUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMANDATION Summary The study investigated the incidence of malnutrition among children in Ilorin East Local Government Area of Kwara state. Data collected from two hundred (200) respondents was presented with appropriate tables with the use of frequency count and percentages while five hypothesis were tested in study the use of chi-square (x2) statistical method at 0.05 significance level. It has been able o found out in the study influence of sickness, in ... Continue reading---
REFRENCES - [ Total Page(s): 2 ]REFERENCESAjieroh, V. (2010). A Quantitative Analysis of Determinations of child and Maternal Malnutrition in Nigeria IFPRI Nigeria Strategy Support Program Brief No. 11, 2010.Alaimo, Katherine, Christine M. Olson, and Edward A. Fronggillo Jr.(2001). ‘’Food Insufficiency and American School-Aged Children’s Cognitive, Academic, and Psychosocial Development.’’ Pediatrics 108(1): 44-53.Babatunde, R.O. & Qaim, M. (2010). Impact of Off – farm income on Food Se ... Continue reading---
