Prevalence And Patterns Of Sexuality Risky Behavior Among Adolescents In Public And Private Secondary Schools In Benin Metropolis

Introduction

1.1 Background of the Study

Adolescence is a crucial developmental stage characterized by rapid physical, emotional, and social changes. During this period, adolescents begin to explore their identities, develop relationships, and experiment with various behaviors, including sexual activity. However, this stage of exploration often exposes adolescents to risks, particularly when it comes to sexual behavior. Risky sexual behaviors (RSB), such as early sexual initiation, unprotected sex, multiple sexual partners, and substance abuse during sexual activity, are associated with significant health and social consequences, including sexually transmitted infections (STIs), unintended pregnancies, and the perpetuation of gender-based violence (Sawyer and Azzopardi, 2022).

Furthermore, adolescence is a pivotal stage in human development, marking the transition from childhood to adulthood. It is a period characterized by significant physical, emotional, and social changes, including puberty, the development of personal identity, and the quest for independence. During adolescence, individuals begin to explore their own sexuality, develop relationships, and make decisions that will shape their future. This stage is also marked by heightened curiosity, experimentation, and sometimes risk-taking behaviors as adolescents navigate through these changes (Farella and Gobbi, 2023). 

As adolescents gain a better understanding of themselves and their surroundings, they are also faced with increased exposure to various societal influences, including peer pressure, media, and family dynamics. These influences play a crucial role in shaping their attitudes toward sexuality and relationships. While some adolescents make informed decisions regarding their sexual health, others may engage in risky sexual behaviors, such as early sexual initiation, unprotected sex, and multiple sexual partners, which can have long-term health consequences  (Beirao and Monte, 2020).

The adolescent years are crucial for developing healthy sexual attitudes and behaviors. Proper education, supportive family relationships, and positive peer influences can guide adolescents toward making responsible choices. However, without adequate sexual health education and support, adolescents may be at risk of unintended pregnancies, sexually transmitted infections (STIs), and other negative health outcomes. Understanding the complexities of adolescent sexuality and the factors that influence their decisions is essential in promoting their overall well-being and helping them navigate this important developmental stage (Crone and Achterberg, 2021).

Moreover, adolescence is a dynamic phase of life, usually spanning the ages of 10 to 19, during which individuals experience rapid changes that affect every aspect of their lives. It is a time when physical growth accelerates, with puberty marking the onset of these changes. As adolescents grow taller, their bodies become more mature, and sexual characteristics develop, often leading to an increased awareness of their own sexuality. These physical changes are accompanied by emotional fluctuations, as adolescents grapple with a heightened sense of self-consciousness, identity formation, and the exploration of new social roles. Psychologically, adolescence is a time of intense self-discovery (Silvers, 2021). Adolescents start to question their values, beliefs, and the world around them. They begin to seek independence from their parents and family, wanting to make their own decisions and create their own paths. This desire for autonomy, however, is often met with conflict as they navigate their relationships with authority figures, peers, and family members. 

Identity development becomes a central theme, as adolescents attempt to define who they are and where they fit in the broader social contex (Delgado and Serna, 2022). Socially, adolescence is marked by a growing desire for peer acceptance. Friendships deepen, and romantic relationships may emerge, creating new opportunities for emotional growth and connection. At the same time, peer pressure can become a powerful influence, pushing adolescents to conform to certain behaviors, including risky behaviors such as substance use or sexual experimentation. These relationships play a significant role in shaping adolescents' attitudes and behaviors, especially when it comes to sexuality (Branje and Spitzer, 2021).

Adolescence, while exciting, can also be challenging. It is a time when individuals are particularly vulnerable to risky behaviors that can have lasting consequences. This is especially true in the realm of sexual behavior, where lack of knowledge, peer influence, and a desire for acceptance can lead to early sexual activity, unprotected sex, and exposure to sexually transmitted infections (STIs) or unintended pregnancies. Providing adolescents with the right information, support, and guidance is crucial in helping them navigate this stage of life in a healthy and responsible way. Understanding adolescence as a complex, multifaceted phase helps in creating environments—whether at home, school, or in the community—that nurture their growth and development into responsible adults (Toseeb and Wolke, 2021).

Additionally, adolescence is not just a time of physical transformation, but also one of profound emotional and psychological development. As young people approach adulthood, they begin to form a clearer sense of who they are and what they value. This process of identity formation is often marked by experimentation and exploration, as adolescents test different roles, interests, and beliefs. The influence of peers during this time is particularly strong, as adolescents look to friends and social groups for validation and a sense of belonging. Peer pressure can sometimes lead to risky behaviors, including experimentation with alcohol, drugs, or early sexual activity, as adolescents strive to fit in or assert their independence (Sahi and Silvers, 2023).

Adolescents also face pressure to meet societal expectations, whether in academic achievement, appearance, or behavior. These pressures can cause stress, anxiety, or feelings of inadequacy, especially when adolescents feel they don't measure up. At the same time, adolescence is a period of emotional growth, where young people learn to manage their emotions, develop empathy, and navigate complex relationships. Romantic relationships often become a key part of an adolescent’s life, adding new layers of emotional experience, including infatuation, heartbreak, and the exploration of intimacy. Adolescents become more capable of abstract thought, reasoning, and problem-solving, which helps them plan for the future and make more informed decisions. However, their ability to foresee the consequences of their actions may still be underdeveloped, and they may struggle with impulse control. This cognitive immaturity, coupled with emotional intensity, can sometimes result in reckless behavior or a lack of understanding about the risks involved in certain activities, such as sexual experimentation (Towner and Chierchia, 2023).

Adolescence is also a period when young people begin to seek greater independence from their families. While they may still rely on their parents for financial and emotional support, they increasingly desire autonomy and may challenge family rules or authority. This desire for independence can lead to conflicts at home, but it is also an important part of their development as they learn to make their own decisions and assume responsibility for their actions. Adolescence is often the time when young people first experience sexual attraction and begin to explore their own sexuality. This exploration can take many forms, ranging from emotional and romantic connections to physical intimacy. It is also a time when young people start to form attitudes toward sex, influenced by cultural, familial, and societal values. The lack of comprehensive sexual education or guidance from trusted adults can lead to risky sexual behaviors, such as early sexual debut, unprotected sex, or multiple sexual partners, which increase the risk of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and unintended pregnancies (Moselli and Casini, 2021).

Furthermore, adolescence is a stage of life that holds immense significance, both for the individual and for society. It is a time when young people begin to assert their autonomy and make choices that reflect their growing independence. As adolescents move away from the reliance on their parents or caregivers, they face new responsibilities and challenges. These may include managing their own time, making decisions about their education and career paths, and navigating complex social situations. The need for acceptance and belonging during adolescence is powerful, and the desire to be part of peer groups often guides behavior. This desire for social connection can sometimes lead adolescents to conform to peer pressures or adopt behaviors that may not align with their values or best interests (Piccione, 2023). 

On the other hand, Risky sexual behavior among adolescents is a growing concern, as it can lead to serious health and social consequences. During adolescence, young people are exploring their identities, testing boundaries, and developing relationships, which can sometimes lead to experimentation with sexual activity.  Furthermore, risky sexual behavior among adolescents is a significant public health issue, as it can have lasting consequences on their physical, emotional, and social well-being. During adolescence, young people experience a range of changes—biologically, emotionally, and socially—that can influence their sexual attitudes and behaviors. This period of exploration and identity formation often includes experimenting with romantic relationships and sexual activity, but without adequate education and guidance, adolescents can engage in risky behaviors that put their health at risk (Odii and Igwe, 2020).

Risky sexual behavior among adolescents continues to be a significant concern due to its potential for long-term consequences on their health and well-being. As adolescents begin to explore their sexuality, they often lack the full understanding of the physical, emotional, and social risks associated with sexual activity. This lack of awareness, combined with hormonal changes, peer pressure, and limited access to proper sexual education, can lead to risky behaviors such as early sexual initiation, unprotected sex, multiple sexual partners, and substance use during sexual activity (Junhee and Youngran, 2022).

However, without adequate knowledge or guidance, adolescents may engage in behaviors that put their health and well-being at risk. However, one of the most common forms of risky sexual behavior is early sexual initiation. Adolescents who engage in sexual activity at a young age may not be fully prepared to handle the emotional, physical, and psychological consequences. They may lack the maturity to understand the risks associated with unprotected sex, including unintended pregnancies and the transmission of sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Early sexual activity is also linked to higher rates of sexual coercion and exploitation, which can have long-term effects on mental health and emotional development (Mesele and Alemayehu, 2023).

In addition, unprotected sex is another significant risky behavior among adolescents. Despite widespread knowledge of the risks associated with unprotected sexual activity, many adolescents fail to consistently use contraception or protection against STIs. This failure may be due to a lack of proper sexual education, limited access to contraceptive methods, or a sense of invincibility that comes with youth. Adolescents may also experience pressure from peers or romantic partners to engage in sex without using protection, either out of curiosity or a desire to fit in. The consequences of unprotected sex can be severe, including STIs, HIV, and unintended pregnancies, all of which can disrupt an adolescent’s life development (Panting, 2020). 

Multiple sexual partners also contribute to risky sexual behavior among adolescents. The desire for social acceptance or the influence of peer groups can lead some young people to engage in sexual activity with multiple partners, increasing their risk of exposure to STIs. Additionally, the lack of emotional readiness to handle multiple sexual relationships can result in emotional distress, feelings of guilt, and a compromised sense of self-worth (Etrawati, 2022).

Peer pressure is another key factor that contributes to risky sexual behavior among adolescents. Adolescents are particularly vulnerable to the influence of their peers, especially when it comes to sexual activity. The desire to fit in, gain social acceptance, or meet the expectations of a romantic partner can lead adolescents to engage in sexual activity before they are emotionally or physically ready. Peer pressure may also encourage them to participate in risky behaviors, such as multiple sexual partners or alcohol and drug use before engaging in sex, which can further increase the risk of STIs and other negative outcomes (Kisaakye and Bukuluki, 2023).

Emotional readiness and maturity also play a significant role in adolescent sexual behavior. Many adolescents are still learning to navigate complex emotions, form healthy relationships, and understand their own sexual desires. This lack of emotional maturity can result in impulsive decisions, such as engaging in sex for validation, to maintain a relationship, or out of curiosity, without fully considering the potential consequences. The emotional consequences of such decisions—such as guilt, regret, or damaged self-esteem—can be significant, as adolescents may not yet have developed the coping skills to process these feelings effectively (Youngran, 2023).

Additionally, inadequate sexual education contributes significantly to adolescents engaging in risky sexual behavior. Many adolescents lack comprehensive, age-appropriate information about sexual health, consent, contraception, and the emotional aspects of sex. In many cases, sexual education is limited or not provided at all, leaving adolescents to rely on peer discussions or misinformation from the media or the internet. This lack of knowledge can result in confusion about safe sexual practices and may lead adolescents to make decisions that compromise their health (Srahbzu and Tirfeneh, 2020).

Media exposure is another influential factor. In today’s digital age, adolescents are frequently exposed to sexual content through social media, movies, music, and online platforms. This exposure often portrays unrealistic and glamorized depictions of relationships and sexual activity, which can shape adolescents’ perceptions and expectations. For some, the normalization of casual or unprotected sex in media messages can diminish the perceived risks, leading them to underestimate the importance of safe practices. Furthermore, the rise of sexually explicit content online presents a unique challenge, as adolescents may emulate behaviors seen without fully understanding the potential consequences (Joseph and Mkandawire, 2019).

In addition, substance use among adolescents further exacerbates risky sexual behavior. Alcohol and drugs can impair judgment, reduce inhibitions, and increase the likelihood of impulsive decisions, including engaging in unprotected sex or sex with multiple partners. Adolescents who use substances may also be more susceptible to peer pressure or coercion in sexual situations, as their ability to assess risks and assert boundaries becomes compromised. Addressing substance use alongside sexual health education is crucial to reducing these compounded risks (Ibrahim and Hassler, 2023).

Socioeconomic disparities also contribute significantly to risky sexual behavior. Adolescents from low-income families or underserved communities often face barriers to accessing sexual health resources, such as contraception, STI testing, and counseling services. These barriers can result from a lack of healthcare facilities, cost-related challenges, or cultural stigmas surrounding sexual health services. Moreover, the stressors associated with socioeconomic hardship—such as family instability, limited educational opportunities, and exposure to violence—can push adolescents toward risky behaviors as a means of coping or seeking escape (Collins and Sutherland, 2022).

In conclusion, risky sexual behavior among adolescents is a complex issue shaped by various biological, emotional, social, and cultural factors. To reduce the prevalence of risky sexual behavior, it is essential to provide adolescents with comprehensive sexual education that covers both the physical and emotional aspects of sexual health  (Baiden and Jahan, 2021) . Open communication between parents, educators, and healthcare providers can help create a supportive environment where adolescents feel comfortable discussing their concerns and making informed decisions about their sexual health. By addressing the underlying causes of risky behavior and offering practical tools for healthy decision-making, we can help adolescents navigate this critical stage of life with greater confidence and security.

1.2 Statement of the Problem

The statement of the Problem on prevalence and Patterns of Sexuality Risky Behavior Among Adolescents in Public and Private Secondary Schools in Benin Metropolis poses a significant challenges, however, one of the problem is Lack of Comprehensive Sex Education: Many adolescents in Benin Metropolis, especially in public schools, may not receive adequate sexual education that covers safe sexual practices, the importance of consent, and the risks of unprotected sex. The gap in education increases their vulnerability to engaging in risky sexual behaviors without fully understanding the potential consequences.

Secondly, Peer Pressure and Social Influence: Adolescents are highly influenced by their peer groups and social networks. Peer pressure to engage in sexual activities, especially in private schools where there may be more perceived social status tied to sexual activity, can lead to risky behaviors that might not be aligned with their personal readiness or desires.

Thirdly, media and Cultural Influences: Exposure to media that portrays sexual activity as a norm or an essential aspect of maturity may shape adolescents' perceptions of sexuality. These media portrayals can create unrealistic expectations and contribute to a culture where risky sexual behaviors are normalized among peers, leading adolescents to engage in them without considering their long-term health risks.

Fourthly, parental Influence and Communication Gaps: Many adolescents may lack proper communication with their parents regarding sexual health, either due to cultural taboos or fear of judgment. This lack of guidance can leave adolescents without the necessary information and support to navigate sexual relationships responsibly.

Fifthly, socioeconomic Factors: Socioeconomic status plays a significant role in shaping the risk factors for adolescent sexual behavior. Adolescents from low-income families may have limited access to healthcare and sexual education, making them more susceptible to engaging in risky sexual behavior. Additionally, economic pressures may push some adolescents toward transactional sex, further increasing their vulnerability to health risks.

Moreover, limited access to contraceptives and sexual health services is a critical issue. Adolescents in both public and private schools may lack knowledge about where to access sexual health resources, or they may face logistical or cultural barriers that prevent them from seeking these services. This lack of access increases the likelihood of unintended pregnancies and the transmission of STIs.

Additionally, gender norms and power imbalances in relationships can also influence adolescent sexual behavior. Female adolescents, in particular, may face societal pressures to engage in sexual activity to gain acceptance or to fulfill gendered expectations of femininity. These dynamics may lead to situations where consent is unclear or compromised, further escalating the risk of negative health outcomes.

Increased Risk of STIs and Unintended Pregnancies: Adolescents who engage in risky sexual behavior without adequate protection increase their chances of contracting sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and experiencing unintended pregnancies. These health outcomes can have profound implications for adolescents' futures, including educational setbacks, emotional distress, and long-term health complications.

Lastly, limited Community and Parental Involvement: The lack of community programs and parental involvement in addressing adolescent sexual health further exacerbates the problem. Parents and community leaders often avoid discussing sexual health topics due to cultural taboos, leaving schools to shoulder the entire responsibility. This creates a fragmented approach to addressing risky behaviors, reducing the effectiveness of interventions.

1.3 Objective of the study 

The objective of the focus on the prevalence of risky sexual behaviors among adolescents in public and private secondary schools in Benin Metropolis. The specific objective of the study 

i. To identify the patterns of risky sexual behavior exhibited by adolescents in public and private secondary schools in Benin Metropolis.

ii. To assess the role of comprehensive sex education in influencing risky sexual behaviors among adolescents in Benin Metropolis.

iii. To evaluate the impact of peer pressure on the sexual decision-making of adolescents in public and private secondary schools in Benin Metropolis.

iv. To investigate the influence of media and social platforms on shaping adolescents’ attitudes toward risky sexual behaviors in Benin Metropolis.

v. To provide evidence-based recommendations for reducing risky sexual behaviors among adolescents in public and private secondary schools in Benin Metropolis.

1.4 Research Questions

i. What are the patterns of risky sexual behavior exhibited by adolescents in public and private secondary schools in Benin Metropolis?

ii. How does comprehensive sex education influence risky sexual behaviors among adolescents in Benin Metropolis?

iii. What is the impact of peer pressure on the sexual decision-making of adolescents in public and private secondary schools in Benin Metropolis?

iv. How do media and social platforms shape adolescents’ attitudes toward risky sexual behaviors in Benin Metropolis?

v. What evidence-based recommendations can be provided to reduce risky sexual behaviors among adolescents in public and private secondary schools in Benin Metropolis?

1.5 Significance of the Study

The study on the prevalence and patterns of risky sexual behavior among adolescents in public and private secondary schools in Benin Metropolis is significant for several reasons:

This significant study will provide valuable insights into the prevalence and factors influencing risky sexual behaviors among adolescents. Understanding these behaviors is critical for designing effective interventions to reduce the incidence of sexually transmitted infections (STIs), unintended pregnancies, and related health complications among adolescents.

The significant study will highlight the gaps in current sex education curricula and recommend strategies to improve the delivery of comprehensive sexual health education. This will help schools—both public and private—tailor their programs to better address adolescents' needs, thereby equipping them with the knowledge and skills to make safer sexual decisions.

The significant study will serve as an evidence base for policymakers in the health and education sectors to develop policies aimed at mitigating risky sexual behaviors. By addressing the root causes, such as peer pressure, family dynamics, and socioeconomic disparities, the study will provide a framework for targeted interventions.

The significant study will underscore the importance of family dynamics and community involvement in shaping adolescents' attitudes toward sexual behavior. It will encourage parents, guardians, and community leaders to engage in open and supportive discussions about sexuality, fostering an environment where adolescents feel empowered to make informed choices.

The significant study will identify barriers that adolescents face in accessing sexual health services, such as stigma and lack of resources. By addressing these barriers, the findings will guide healthcare providers and organizations in improving service delivery to meet the needs of adolescents effectively.

The significant study will contribute to the empowerment of adolescents by promoting awareness of the consequences of risky sexual behaviors. It will also provide them with practical recommendations on how to make informed and responsible decisions regarding their sexual health.

This significant study will add to the body of literature on adolescent sexual behavior, serving as a reference for future researchers and scholars interested in similar topics. It will also encourage further exploration of strategies to reduce risky sexual behaviors in different cultural and social contexts.

The significant study will provide insights into how peer influence contributes to risky sexual behaviors among adolescents. With this information, schools and communities can develop peer education programs that leverage positive peer influences to encourage healthy sexual practices and discourage risky behaviors.

The study will compare the patterns of risky sexual behaviors in public and private secondary schools, shedding light on the disparities in access to sexual health information and resources. This will assist educators and policymakers in bridging the gap and ensuring equitable education on sexual health across school types.

Lastly, the significant study will guide the design and implementation of evidence-based intervention programs tailored to the specific needs of adolescents in Benin Metropolis. These programs will target critical risk factors such as substance use, peer pressure, and exposure to sexual content.

1.6 Scope of the study

The scope of the study focus on the prevalence and patterns of risky sexual behavior among adolescents in public and private secondary schools within Benin Metropolis.  The study is confined to Benin Metropolis, a prominent urban area in Nigeria. The target population includes adolescents aged 12–19 years enrolled in public and private secondary schools in Benin Metropolis.  

1.7 Definition of Key Terms

Prevalence: Refers to the proportion of individuals in a specific population who exhibit certain behaviors or conditions at a particular time. In this study, it indicates the extent to which adolescents in public and private secondary schools in Benin Metropolis engage in risky sexual behaviors.

Patterns: The recurring behaviors or trends observed within a population. Here, it refers to the common types and frequencies of risky sexual behaviors exhibited by adolescents in the study area, including gender, socioeconomic, and school-type variations.

Risky Sexual Behavior: Actions that increase the likelihood of negative sexual health outcomes, such as contracting sexually transmitted infections (STIs), unplanned pregnancies, or psychological harm. Examples include unprotected sex, multiple sexual partners, early sexual debut, and involvement in transactional sex.

Adolescents: Individuals aged 12–19 years, considered a transitional phase between childhood and adulthood. This group is the focus of the study, as they are at a critical stage of exploring their sexuality and are susceptible to risky behaviors due to physical, emotional, and social changes.

Secondary Schools: Educational institutions that provide formal education to students, typically between the ages of 12 and 18. This study focuses on both public (government-funded) and private (independently funded) secondary schools within Benin Metropolis.

Sexuality: A broad term encompassing the feelings, behaviors, and identities related to sexual attraction and activities. In this study, it focuses on adolescents’ exploration of their sexual identity and behaviors within the context of their educational and social environments.

Sexual Health Education: A structured approach to teaching individuals about sexual and reproductive health, including knowledge about STIs, contraception, and making informed decisions about sexual behavior. This study examines how the availability and quality of such education affect adolescent behaviors.

Peer Pressure: The influence exerted by a peer group that encourages individuals to conform to certain behaviors, attitudes, or values. In this context, it refers to the impact of peers on adolescents' engagement in risky sexual behaviors.