-
Influence Of Abortion Stigma, Behaviour Pattern And Distress Tolerance On Substance Use Amongst Adolescents
CHAPTER ONE -- [Total Page(s) 5]
Page 4 of 5
-
-
-
Also,
Type A personality implies a temperament which is stress prone,
concerned with time management. They are ambitious, rigidly organized,
hard-working, anxious, highly status conscious, hostile and aggressive.
Type B in the other hand is one that is less prone to stress, easy
going, work steadily, enjoy achievement, modest ambition, and live in
the moment. They are social, creative, thoughtful, procrastinating. Type
B personality, by definition, are noted to live at lower stress levels.
They typically work steadily, and may enjoy achievement, although they
have a greater tendency to disregard physical or mental stress when they
do not achieve. When faced with competition, they may focus less on
winning or losing than their Type A counterparts, and more on enjoying
the game regardless of winning or losing.
Unlike the Type A
personality's rhythm of multi-tasked careers, Type B individuals are
sometimes attracted to careers of creativity: writer, counselor,
therapist, actor or actress. However, network and computer systems
managers, professors, and judges are more likely to be Type B
individuals as well. Their personal character may enjoy exploring ideas
and concepts.
Scientific attention has increasingly been
focused on distress tolerance due to its potential role in the
development and maintenance of multiple forms of psychopathology, and as
a trans diagnostic clinical target for intervention/prevention
programs. Distress tolerance reflects an individual’s perceived or
behavioral capacity to withstand experiential/subjective distress
related to affective, cognitive, and/or physical states (e.g., negative
affect, physical discomfort). Scholars have therefore suggested it is an
individual difference factor for stress responsivity and psychological
vulnerability. Conceptual models of distress tolerance suggest that the
construct may be hierarchical in nature. Specifically, there may be one
global “experiential distress tolerance†constructs incorporating other,
specific low order construct.
Distress intolerance in the
other hand is a perceived inability to fully experience unpleasant,
aversive or uncomfortable emotions, and is accompanied by a desperate
need to escape the uncomfortable emotions. Difficulties tolerating
distress are often linked to a fear of experiencing negative emotion.
Often distress intolerance centers on high intensity emotional
experiences, that is, when the emotion is ‘hot’, strong and powerful
(e.g., intense despair after an argument with a loved one, or intense
fear whilst giving a speech).
An important thing to consider
when assessing levels of distress tolerance is that like many things in
life, doing anything at the extreme can be unhelpful. Think of distress
tolerance as a continuum where at one end people can be extremely
intolerant of distress, and at the other end people can be extremely
tolerant of distress. Distress tolerance is widely accepted to be a
clinically relevant capacity to both internalizing and externalizing
symptoms ( Leyro et al., 2010). Consequently, a negative reinforcement
approach has been adopted to understand the commonality of distress
tolerance to this broader scope of psychopathology (Baker, Piper,
McCarthy, Majeskie, & Fiore, 2004). Negative reinforcement refers to
the motivation to avoid or escape negative affective states, and has
typically been applied within an addiction framework, wherein repeated
substance use alleviates distress associated with withdrawal ( Baker et
al., 2004). In studies of adults, substance-dependent individuals are
reported to have lower tolerance of distress (Quinn, Brandon, &
Copeland, 1996), and distress tolerance is related to recent abstinence
duration and treatment retention among residential treatment-seeking
substance abusers ( Daughters, Lejuez, Bornovalova, et al., 2005;
Daughters, Lejuez, Kahler, Strong, & Brown, 2005).
CHAPTER ONE -- [Total Page(s) 5]
Page 4 of 5
-
-
ABSRACT - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]The study assessed the influence of abortion stigma, behaviour pattern and distress tolerance on substance use amongst adolescents. In determining the influence of of abortion stigma, behaviour pattern and distress tolerance on substance use amongst adolescents, four (4) scales were used namely; Abortion stigma Scale by Shellenberg, KM, Levandowski, B., Hessini, L. (2014), Type A behaviour scale by (Omoluabi, 1997), Distress tolerance scale by Simon and Gaher’s (2005), and Substance use s ... Continue reading---
