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Social Perception Of Tricycles Restriction And Waste Management Strategies In Enhaancing Environmental Aesthetics And Psychological Wellbeing Of Residents
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According to the most recent available national survey, 16.4 per cent of
the UK population has some form of mental health problem (Singleton et
al., 2001). In Nigeria, the prevalence of mental illness is reported at
20% (Shekhar, Gureje, 2006). But what percentage are mentally flourishing
-that is enjoying a high level of psychological well-being? According
to Keyes (2002), flourishing individuals have enthusiasm for life and are
actively and productively engaged with others and in social
institutions. Data from the US suggest that only around 17 per cent of
adults are flourishing, while 11 per cent are languishing (Keyes, 2002).
The term languishing refers to a condition in which a person’s life
seems empty or stagnant, a life of quiet despair, although they do not
have mental illness (Keyes, 2002). Keyes (2004) has shown that
“languishers†are at greatly increased risk of depression and physical
disorders including cardiovascular disease. He has suggested that
languishing may be highly prevalent among young people, many of whom are
seeking ways to ï¬ll the void of their lives. Sex, drugs, and alcohol
are often used in this way, but these only deepen the void and makethe
person more dysfunctional. There are no data at present on the
prevalence of flourishing or languishing.
Types of psychological
wellbeing includes: evaluative well-being (that is, general satisfaction
with life), affective or hedonic well-being (that is, enjoyment,
positive affect and depressive symptoms) and eudemonic well-being (that
is, purpose in life, self-acceptance and control)(Steptoe,
&Demakakos, 2011).Research has shown that Psychological well-being
had a curvilinear relationship with age, being higher in respondents
aged 60–69 and 70–79 than it was in older or younger participants. A
similar pattern has been reported before in highincome countries. There
is a pronounced socio-economic gradient in psychological wellbeing, with
greater well-being in more affluent sectors of the population. The
effects are stronger for evaluative and eudemonic aspects of wellbeing
than for measures of positive affect and enjoyment of life. Both paid
employment and volunteering were associated with greater psychological
well-being(Steptoe, &Demakakos, 2011). Higher psychological
well-being is also associated with being married (as opposed to never
married, divorced/separated or widowed), being physically active, not
smoking and better cognitive function. There are strong cross-sectional
associations between psychological well-being and health, particularly
in relation to chronic illness and disability, albeit with variations
across different aspects of well-being. • There has been a small but
consistent deterioration in affective well-being between 2002–03 and
2010–11 in ELSA, with similar patterns in different age groups. Life
satisfaction has not shown comparable trends over this period (Steptoe,
&Demakakos, 2011).
Psychological well-being refers to how people
evaluate their lives. According to Diener (1997), these evaluations may
be in the form of cognitions or in the form of affect. The cognitive
part is an information based appraisal of one’s life that is when a
person gives conscious evaluative judgments about one’s satisfaction
with life as a whole. The affective part is a hedonic evaluation guided
by emotions and feelings such as frequency with which people experience
pleasant/unpleasant moods in reaction to their lives. The assumption
behind this is that most people evaluate their life as either good or
bad, so they are normally able to offer judgments. Further, people
invariably experience moods and emotions, which have a positive effect
or a negative effect. Thus, people have a level of subjective well-being
even if they do not often consciously think about it, and the
psychological system offers virtually a constant evaluation of what is
happening to the person.Current social indicators can capture phenomena
such as crime, divorce, environmental problems, infant mortality, gender
equality, etc. Thus, they can capture aspects of quality of life that
add to the description drawn by economic indicators. However, these
social indicators fail to capture the subjective well-being of people
because they do not reflect the actual experiences such as the quality
of relationships, the regulation of their emotions and whether feelings
of isolation and depression pervade in their daily life. On the other
hand, the physical environment has a telling impact on the psychological
wellbeing (klitzman, 1989).klitzman,(1989), found out that
environmental conditions such as poor air quality, noise, ergonomic
conditions, lack of privacy, may affect workers mental health. Our
growing populations has significantly increase these negative
environmental conditions as our air is constantly polluted with the
increasing number of vehicles most especially the commercial tricycle
(keke). Although the introduction of this form of transportation has
been cost effective as it flexible nature guarantee its ability to
access all forms of road network. However, the presence of these
tricycles has also constituted a menace to the society in various ways.
Other than noise and the environmental pollutions, most of the drivers
of this tricycles were not trained on it proper use leading to various
forms of road accident and chaos. Although compared to motorcycle,
tricycles are safer and more reliable.
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