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Influence Of Gender And Job Status On Employee Stress Among The Nigerian Police Force
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Work loads according Michael (1992) as another role-related stressors is
likely occur when organizations reduce their workforce and restructure
work, leaving remaining employees with move task and fewer resources or
time to complete them. Work that is under load can also cause stress and
it occurs when employees receive too little or are given tasks that do
not make sufficient use of their skills and knowledge.
Finally, it is
the task characteristics that occurs when work involves decision
making, monitoring equipment or exchanging information with others.
Matterson and Ivancevich (1982), stated that whatever the causes, the
inability to go along with others workers is one of the most common
sources of stress in the work place. However inter personal stress
results from difficulties in interpersonal relationship on the Job. Such
interpersonal stress stems form difficulty in developing and
maintaining relationship with other people in the work setting. This
type of stressors could be informed of sexual harassment, work place
violence and aggression.
The organizational factor is another source
of stress, it should not be there fore surprise that major change in a
work organization tend to cause stress, according to be(Leiter and
Marvie, 1998). Thus, people tend to grow accustomed to certain work
procedures and work structures and they resist change. Most people
prefer things to remain stable and predictable. Such stability in the
working environment seems comforting and reassuming, therefore, when
there is a restructuring, people tend to be stressed because there will
be new demands from the work.
However, there are non-work stressors
that affect works effectiveness such as financial difficulties,
relationship problems, loss of loved ones, birth of a child and
mortgages. These problems are worthy of mention because people do not
park them at the door when they enter the work place. They carry over
and literately these affect workers behaviour result to low
productivity.
Consequently, there are also heaths risks that are
associated with work-related stress which in dangers the health
condition of a worker. Stress has both physiological and psychological
dimensions. The predictable result of greater work related stresses are
increased risk of psychological and physical health problem. (Micguine,
1999, Nelson, Quick; Simmons 2001)
Psychological stress can cause
dissatisfaction in the Job, this Job-related stress lead to Job-related
dissatisfaction. Apart form this common consequence, it can also lead to
tension, anxiety, irritability, boredom and procrastination Stephen
(1998), asserts that when people are placed in Jobs that make multiple
and conflicting demands or in which there is a lack of clarity to the
incumbents duties, authority and responsibilities, both stress and
dissatisfaction are increased. Similarly the less control people have
over the space of their work, the greater the stress and
dissatisfaction.
Stressed workers also experience what we called Job
Burnout that is the process of emotional exhaustion, depersonalization
and reduced personal accomplishment resulting from prolonged exposure to
stress. So Job burnout is a complex process that includes the dynamics
of stress, coping strategies and stress consequences. This means that it
is a complex demand made on people who serve or frequently interact
with others. Stress also has behavioural effect or implication on
workers. This evidence in Job performance and work place accidents. High
stress levels at work impair one’s ability to remember information,
make effective decision and take appropriate action when needed. While
over stressed employees also tend to have higher levels of absenteeism.
Absenteeism is a coping mechanism because an employee temporally with
draws from stressful situation so that he or she would have the
opportunity to re-energized.
Physiologically, stress takes it toll on
human body. According to researcher, health has been implicated in
stress. it is liked with diseases such as cardiovascular diseases,
cancer and the destruction of the immune system, for example, stress
can contribute to cardiovascular diseases in several ways (Fogoras,
2001), people who have major life challenges such as loss of job and
loss of loved ones have higher incident of cardiovascular diseases and
early death (Taylor,2003). The body’s internal reactions to stress are
not only risky, people who lives in a chronically stressed condition are
likely to take up smoking, start over eating and avoid excise. All
these stress related behaviour are linked with the development of
cardiovascular diseases (Shineiderman, 2001). Also, the immune system is
implicated in stress. Three line of research support the conclusion
that the immune system and stress are linked (Anderson, 2002) they are
acute stressors which are sudden on time line events than can produce
immunological changes. For instance, in relatively healthy Hiv-infected
individuals, as well as individual with cancer, acute stressors are
associated with proper immune system functioning (Reberts, Anderson and
Lubarof, 1994). Chronic stressors are those that are long lasting, which
are also associated with an increasing down turn in immune system
responsiveness rather than adaptation (Irwin, 2002).
The third which
is positive social circumstance and low stress are associated with
increased ability to fight cancer. For instance having good social
relationship and supports the conclusion that the immune system and
stress are naked (Anderson, 2002) they are acute stressors which are
sudden on time line events than can produce immunological changes. For
instance, in relatively healthy HIV infected individuals, as well as
individual with cancer, acute stressors are associated with proper
immune system functioning (Roberts, Anderson and Lubarof, 1994) chronic
stressors are those that are long lasting, which are also associated
with an increasing down turn in immune system responsiveness rather than
adaptation (Irwin, 2002).
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