Influence Of Psychotherapy And Gender On Depression

3.0.METHODS
In this session the following will be discussed
a. Participants
b. Instrument
c. Procedure for gathering and scoring data
d. Research design
e. Statistics   

PARTICIPANTS 
60 participants where used in the study. They comprise of 30 males and 30 females. 15 participants of the female and 15 of the male were administered both Exercise and positive self-talk. Also, 15 of the males and15 of the females were administered only positive self-talk (Morah 2008). In this technique, Morah (2008), recorded positive self-talk that depressed person can say repeatedly to enhance their self esteem, recondition their thoughts and dispel negative assertions the depressed has been saying to themselves over a long period. Also, 30 participants of the male and 30 of the female where administered only exercise. During the exercise, 15 participants of the male and 15 of the female were administered low exercise and 15 participants of the males and 15 of the female were administered high exercise. 
Furthermore, the participants were aged 20-31 years with a mean age of 25years. They are all unmarried students. They are all undergraduates in Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka.
These are individuals that responded to a notice on individual that needs therapy to reduce depressive symptoms and they should register at the psychological services centre. 92 persons reported. Those who scored 40 and above in the Beck depression inventory and self rating depression scale of Williams (1965) on the initial assessment were selected. 30 males and 30 female were selected for the study out of 50 males and 42 females that was registered initially. Also, the researcher interviewed the participants to know whether they have any cardiovascular problem before the commencement of the exercise. But they said no. The remaining 32 persons were eliminated from the final study and brief that they will be contacted later.  
Instrument
Two instruments were used for this study and they are:
a) Beck depression inventory (BDI). BDI is a 21 item inventory with four response format rating from 0 to 3 with 0 measuring no symptoms of depression and 3 measuring highest level of depression. The test is used in both clinical and research work.
b) A 20 – item self rating depression scale developed by William (1965). The instrument is designed to assess the cognitive, effective, psychomotor, somatic and social interpersonal dimensions of depression. Obiora (1995) validated the instrument to suit Nigerian population and was adapted for the use of professional in Nigeria after several years of research. It was design in a likert scale format. The psychometric properties of the scale was provided by the developer. Positive self-talk of Morah (2008) are recorded positive talk developed as an adjunct to therapy. It has been used to treat depression patients (Morah, 2008). Research has shown that exercise reduces depression; hence, recorded exercise guide was used to increase the physical activity of the participants. 
Validity & Reliability of the Instrument
Since Becks Depression Inventory (BDI) is widely used, its validity is not in doubt, nevertheless, its reliability was also ascertained when it was administered to 60 students of Nnamdi Azikiwe University, r (60) = 83 (Cronbach Alpha) r(60) = .76 (Guttman Split-half) and r(60) = .76 (Spearman Brown Split-half).  The reliability test becomes necessary since the instrument was developed and used in different society from ours.  Obiora (1995) reported a concurrent coefficient validity of 0.79 with a domain of test – retest reliability. A coefficient alpha of 0.93 was obtained.
Procedure: A notice instructing individuals that need psychological help on reduction of symptoms of depression were placed at  strategic places within the campus. They registered at the psychological services centre. Those selected were taken to the field opposite Nnamdi Azikiwe University Model Primary School on agreed dates and time. They were asked to jog round the field ten times and after that they will do seat up and press up ten times in each session. Data were gathered after every exercise. Over ten sessions of exercise were done twice a week. Those that administered low exercise were allowed to practice exercise for 20minutes and those that was administered high exercise were allowed to practice exercise for 45 minutes on each session.
Research design: The research design is 2X2X2 factorial design.  Statistic:  3-way analysis of variance was used for the statistical analysis.