Influence Of Psychotherapy And Gender On Depression

DISCUSSION
The first hypothesis, which stated that there will be a significant difference on the effect of exercise in combination with positive self talk on depression than exercise alone was rejected. This means that positive self-talk and exercise could be used as thera peutic regimes to treat depression in our society. This work is in consonance with the earlier findings of Petruzzello and Landers (1994) that constant exercise reduces depression.
They examined the results of 27 narrative reviews that had been conducted between 1960 and 1991 and found that in 81% of them, the authors had concluded that physical activity / fitness was related to anxiety reduction and depression following exercise and there was little or no conflicting data presented in these reviews.

Furthermore, males benefit more on psychotherapy than females. Again, exercise helps an individual to be physically fit. Exercise help to maintain good mental health free flow of blood in the body. Medically, exercise help in weight loss, mental alertness, flexibility of muscles. According to physical and health professionals, exercise helps an individual to develop large muscular system.
It also help the cardiovascular system. It increases the amount of blood that the heart can pump and lead to proliferation of small blood vessels that carry oxygen to the muscles. Physiologically, exercise increases the thickness of muscle fibers and their ability to store glycogen (the fuel for muscular activity). Exercise help to increase cardiovascular fitness by improving the body’s use of oxygen and allowing the heart to work less strenuously. Exercise provides strength, power and endurance in athletic events.

Exercise has been proposed as an alternative or adjunct to more traditional approaches for treating depression (Hales and Travis, 1987; Martinsen, 1987. The research on exercise and depression has a long history of investigators (Franz and Hamilton, 1905; Vaux, 1926) suggesting a relationship between exercise and decreased depression. Since the early 1900s, there have been over 100 studies examining this relationship, and many narrative reviews on this topic have also been concluded that exercise is a therapeutic method for reduction of depression. 
However, (Gleser and Mendalberg, 1990; Martinsen, 1987) stated that exercise produces larger antidepressant effects in the body and mind of those suffering depression. Exercise is at very effective as more traditional therapist is encouraging especially considering the time and cost involved with treatment like psychotherapy. This means that exercise are not costly because an individual can do some exercise on his or her own without needing any second person.
Exercise as a therapy cannot be limited to only young men and young women but also old men and women can participate in exercise but the type of exercise that will be administered to old men and women will be different such as working. This treatment paradigm can also be used without coming to see the clinician or a therapist. Those that pass through the exercise therapy can use it to cure other people for example; many people suffering from Obesity are being advised by their friends and relations to be doing exercise in other to reduce their size. Another area associated with positive mental health is the relationship between exercise and restful sleep. Two meta-analyses have been conducted on the topic (Kubitz, Landers, Petruzzello, and Han, 1996; O’Connor and Youngstedt, 1995).
The studies reviewed have primarily examined sleep duration and total sleep times as well as measures derived from electroencephalographic (EEG) activity while subjects are in various stages of sleep. Operationally, sleep researchers have predicted that sleep duration, total sleep time, and the amount of high amplitude, slow wave EEG activity would be higher in physically fit individual than those who are unfit (chronic effect) and higher on nights following exercise (acute effect). This prediction is based on the compensator position, which posits that fatiguing day time activity e.g. exercise would probably result in a compensatory increase in the need for and depth of nighttime sleep, thereby facilitating recuperative, restorative and/or energy conservation processes”. (Kubtiz et al, P. 278). The sleep meta analyses by O’Connor and Youngerstedt (1995) and Kubitz et al. 1996) show support for this prediction. 
Also, Burnett (1996) noted that positive self-talk help to reduce depression in an individual. The second hypothesis which states that there will be a significant differences between males and females on the influence of psychotherapy on depression was accepted. This means that psychotherapy helps to reduce depression in males than in females. A positive mental attitude as a basis for self-talk does not require self-dilution. The development of optimistic thought patterns requires essentially three things; recognizing self-talk for what it is, dealing with negative messages, and harnessing the positive for the greater good of individual person. By using inner speech, people can influence their health states, but the benefits potentially react beyond that. To make self-talk positive, people must change what goes into their subconscious. All this hinges on recognition of inner message (self-talk). Levine (1991) expands on idea of noticing through patterns. Regardless of the though type (positive or negative), she suggests that people reflect upon the antecedents to and the feelings about the particular thought. When people determine which thoughts improve their sense of well-being, they can make those thoughts occur more frequently. 
The third hypothesis which state that there will be a significant difference on those administered with high exercise than those administered with low exercise on reducing of depression.
Finally, exercise as a therapy cannot work alone without positive self-talk in reduction of depression, so both of them serve as a psychological vitamin in psychotherapy.