-
Investigation Of Effects Of Two Flame Retardants On The Fire Characterisit Ics Of Flexible Poly Ether Foam
-
-
-
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title page
Certification
Dedication
Acknowledgements
Abstract
Table of contents
List of table
List of figures
CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the study
1.2 Significance of the Research.
1.3 Scope of the Study
1.4 The objectives of the Study;
CHAPTER TWO
2.1 Fire, Pyrol yses and Combustion
2.1.2 Pyrolysis of Plastics
2.1.3 Pyrolysis of Polyurethane foams
2.2 Flame Retardants
2.2.1 Historical development of flame retardant s.
2.2.2 Types of flame retardants
2.2.2.1 Inorganic flame retardants
2.2.2.1.1 Antimony Compounds
2.2.2.1.2 Boron Compounds
2.2.2.1.3 Other metal compounds
2.2.2.1.4 Phosphorus Compounds
2.2.2.2 Halogenated Organic Flame Retardants
2.2.2.2.1 Brominated flame retardants.
2.2.2.2.2 Chlorinated flame retardants
2.2.2.3 Organophosphorus Flame Retardants.
2.2.2.4 Halogenated phosphates
2.2.2.5 Nitrogen – based flame retardants
2.3 Mechanism of action of flame retardants
2.3.1 Physical action of flame retardants
2.3.2 Chemical reactions
2.3.2.1 Reaction in the gas phase:
2.3.2.2 Condensed phase mechani sms.
2.4 Some Suppressants
2.5 Melamine as a flame retardant
2.5.1 Synthesis of Melamine
2.5.2 Mechanism of reaction of melamine as flame retardants.
2.5.3 Applications and benefits of Melamine
2.5.4 Applications of melamine and its derivatives
2.5.5 Benefits of Melamine
2.6 Tri ammonium Orthophosphate as a Flame Retardants
2.6.1 Mechanism of Reaction of Tri ammonium orthophosphate as a flame retardant
2.7 Polyurethane as a foam polymer
2.7.1 History of Polyurethane Foams
2.7.2 Definition of Pol yurethane foams
2.7.3 Chemistry of Flexible Polyurethane Foam
2.7.4 Gelation (Polymerization) Reaction
2.7.5 Blow Reaction
2.7.6 Basic Components of Flexible Polyurethane Foam
2.7.6.1 Isocyanates
2.7.6.2 Polyols
2.7.6.3 Water
2.7.6.4 Physical Blowing Agents
2.7.6.5 Catalysts
2.7.6.6 Tertiary Amine Catalysts
2.7.6.7 Organometallic Catalysts
2.7.6.8 Surfactants
2.7.6.9 Cross – Linkage Agents
2.7.7.0 Other Additives
2.7.7.1 Morphology of the polyurethane foam
2.7.7.2 Cellular Structure of the polyurethane foam
2.7.7.3 Applications of polyurethane
CHAPTER THREE EXPERIMENTAL
3.1 Materials and Methods
3.1.1 Apparatus
3.2 Methods
3.2.1 Polyurethane foam formulations
3.3 Preparation of the foam samples for characterization
3.3.1 Flame characteristics
3.3.2 Determination of After glow time (AGT)
3.3.3 Determination of Ignition – time
3.3.4 Determination of Flame propagation
3.3.5 Determination of Flame duration
3.3.6 Determination of Percentage char formation
CHAPTER FOUR
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4.1 After Glow Time (AGT)
4.2 Ignition Time
4.3 Flame Propagation Rate
4.4 % Char Formation
4.5 Flame duration
4.6 Conclusion
4.7 Recommendations
References
Appendix
-
-
-
ABSRACT - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]ABSTRACTThis work studied the effects of two flame retardants on the fire characteristics of flexible polyether foam samples. Various concentrations of two flame retardants melamine and tri ammonium orthophosphate have been successfully incorporated into flexible polyurethane foam. Results of the analyses carried out on the various foam samples showed that by appropriate incorporation of the two flame retardants, the flammability properties (After glow time (AGT), ignition time, flame duration t ... Continue reading---
APPENDIX A - [ Total Page(s): 2 ] ... Continue reading---
LIST OF TABLES - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]LIST OF TABLE STable 1: Classification of flame retardants based on nature of compoundsTable 2: Basic formulatio n of flexible polyurethane foam Table 3: Application of polyurethane foamsTable 4: Formulation for polyurethane retarded with melamineTable 5: Formulation for polyurethane retarded with tri ammonium orthophosphateTable 6: After glow time result Table 7: Ignition time result Table 8: Flame propagation resultTable 9: The percentage c ... Continue reading---
LIST OF FIGURES - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]LIST OF FIGURESFig. 1: The combustion process of plasticsFig. 2: Classes of flame reta rdants based on durabilityFig. 3: Effects of concentration of flame retardants on After glow time of flexible polyurethane foam.Fig. 4: Effects of concentration of flame retardants on ignition time of flexible polyurethane foam.Fig. 5: Effects of concentration of flame retardants on flame propagation of flexible polyurethane foam.Fig. 6: Effects o ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER ONE - [ Total Page(s): 2 ]The rising time occurs when foam mix starts to rise until it gets to a full block height. At this stage the isocyanate reacts with water to generate carbon dioxide which causes the rise. The formation of the carbon dioxide through the intermediate carbamic acids gives.RH = C = O + H – O – H RNH COOH RNH 2 + CO2The curing time is the reaction process that leads to completion of the polymerization reaction that is usually greater than 15 hours. Polyurethane can ei ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER TWO - [ Total Page(s): 13 ]The requirements for good catalytic activity are: (a) nucleophilic enough to attack the carbon of the isocy anate group, (b) ability to form an active hydrogen amine complex, and (c) solubility in water with the ability to form hydrogen bonds with water.Since electron accessibility is also usually measured by the basicity, the catalytic activity is found to generally increase as the basicity increase. Thus, a plot of pH vs. catalytic activity usually yields linear behavior. Howe ver, exception e ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER THREE - [ Total Page(s): 2 ]CHAPTER THREEEXPERIMENTAL3.1 Materials and MethodsThe materials include:1. Polyol2. Toluene diisocynate (TDI)3. Silicone4. Dimethylethanol amine5. Water6. Stanous octate or Tin II7. Melamine8. Tri ammonium orthophosphateMaterial (1 – 6) above were all obtained from Marthar foams industries Ltd., Nkpor – Obosi Road, Onitsha Anambra State Nigeria.Melamine and tri ammonium orthophosphate were bought from Laboratory of National Rese ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER FOUR - [ Total Page(s): 5 ]4.3 Flame Propagation RateThe effects of the flame retardants on flame propagation rate of the polyurethane foam are shown in Table 8, fig. 5, from the results, it is obvious that the flame propagation rate reduced with the increase in concentration of the two flame retardants. However, tri ammonium orthophosphate showed a higher impact of reduction of the propagation rate more than melamine. Flame propagation rate is simply the velocity of the flame along the vertical length of the materi ... Continue reading---
REFRENCES - [ Total Page(s): 2 ]REFERENCES1. National Fire Protection Association (2008) fire loss in US during 2005, abridg ed report (http://www.usfa. gov/statistic/National) ( Retrieved, February 28, 2010)2. J .M. Avento, (1980), Flame Retardant , an Overview. Encyclop aedia of Chemical Technology Vol. 10, J ohn Wiley & Sons. New York , pp 348 – 372.3. A.N. Eboatu (1992) Fire, Flammability and Fire Fighting. Anchor Ednal Press, Lagos, p.254. X. Nguyen Huy (2008) “Flame Reta rdants†... Continue reading---
-
ABSRACT - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]ABSTRACTThis work studied the effects of two flame retardants on the fire characteristics of flexible polyether foam samples. Various concentrations of two flame retardants melamine and tri ammonium orthophosphate have been successfully incorporated into flexible polyurethane foam. Results of the analyses carried out on the various foam samples showed that by appropriate incorporation of the two flame retardants, the flammability properties (After glow time (AGT), ignition time, flame duration t ... Continue reading---
TABLE OF CONTENTS -- [Total Page(s) 1]
Page 1 of 1
TABLE OF CONTENTS -- [Total Page(s) 1]
Page 1 of 1