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Investigation Of Effects Of Alum And Potassium Sesquicarbonate On The Fire Characteristics Of Flexible Polyurethane Foam
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ABSTRACT
The effectiveness of alum and potassium sesquicarbonate was studied by incorporating various concentrations of the flame retardants into the polyurethane foam sample. The flammability tests were carried out and the results showed that as the concentration of the flame retardants increased, the flame propagation rate, after glow time, burn length and flame duration decreased for both flame retardants, while ignition time, add-on and char formation increased for both flame retardants. Thermogravimetric analysis shows that both alum and potassium sesquicarbonate functions as flame retardants on the foam samples at low percentage concentration but the polyurethane foam filled with potassium sesquicarbonate required a higher activation energy than alum for the pyrolysis/combustion of the samples. Also the onset of degradation time was more delayed in potassium sesquicarbonate than alum.
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LIST OF TABLES - [ Total Page(s): 1 ] LIST OF TABLES    Table 1.   :      Solubility of the compounds. Table 2.   :      Foam formulation using Alum as flame retardant. Table 3.  :      Effect of flame retardants on ignition time. Table 4.   :      Effects of flame retardants on burn length. Table 5.   :      Effects of flame retardants on flame propagation Rate. Table 6.  :      Effects of flame retardants on flame duration. Table 7.   :    ... Continue reading---
LIST OF FIGURES - [ Total Page(s): 1 ] LIST OF FIGURES Fig. 1:      The combustion process. Fig. 2:      Basic unit in a urethane block copolymer. Fig. 3:      Structure-property relationships in polyurethane. Fig. 4:      Thermogravimetric analyzer Fig. 5 :      Effects of flame retardants on Ignition time. Fig. 6 :      Effects of flame retardants on burn length Fig. 7 :      Effects of flame retardants on flame propagation rate Fig. 8:      Effects of flame ret ... Continue reading---
TABLE OF CONTENTS - [ Total Page(s): 1 ] TABLE OF CONTENTS   Title page Certification                                      Dedication                                         Acknowledgements                           Abstract                                            Table of contents            ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER ONE - [ Total Page(s): 8 ]CHAPTER ONEINTRODUCTION CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION In every day to day activity, foam materials are all around our homes, vehicles, schools and industries. It is the cushioning material of choice in almost all furniture and bedding. It is used as carpet cushions. It is the material used for pillows, roof liners, sound proofing, car and truck seats. Foam has become such a widely used material because it provides a unique combination of form and function [1]. Types of foam such as n ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER TWO - [ Total Page(s): 2 ] Thermogravimetric analysis: This determines changes in weight in relation to change in temperature. It was determined using a thermogravimetric analyzer made by Schimadzu TA – 60ws model. The furnace of the instrument was first opened to stabilize the instrument. The furnace has two pans. The foam samples were weighed and placed in one of the pan and the second pan contained Alumina which serves as the reference point used in balancing the weight of the samples. It was se ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER THREE - [ Total Page(s): 7 ]Effects of flame retardants on Add - on:Results in Table 9, Fig. 11 show that as the concentration of flame retardant increases, Add - on increases. Add – on depends on the concentration of the flame retardants used. Since both of them are soluble in water, there was good crosslinking during the production of the foam. ... Continue reading---
REFRENCES - [ Total Page(s): 1 ] REFERENCESM.E. Bailey (1971), Polyurethane Study in Chemical Principles, Journal Chemistry Education, pp 48, 809. T.W Solomon Graham (1980), Organic Chemistry 2nd ed. John Wiley and Sons, Toronto, pp 334 – 339. C.J. Benning (1969), Plastic Foams, The Physical and Chemistry of Product Performance and Process Technology, Vol. I, Chemistry and Physics of Foams Formation, John Wiley and Sons, New York, pp 235-247J.H Troitzch (1990), International Plastics Flammability Handboo ... Continue reading---
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LIST OF TABLES - [ Total Page(s): 1 ] LIST OF TABLES    Table 1.   :      Solubility of the compounds. Table 2.   :      Foam formulation using Alum as flame retardant. Table 3.  :      Effect of flame retardants on ignition time. Table 4.   :      Effects of flame retardants on burn length. Table 5.   :      Effects of flame retardants on flame propagation Rate. Table 6.  :      Effects of flame retardants on flame duration. Table 7.   :    ... Continue reading---
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