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Investigation Of Effects Of Alum And Potassium Sesquicarbonate On The Fire Characteristics Of Flexible Polyurethane Foam
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TABLE OF CONTENTSTitle page
Certification
Dedication
Acknowledgements
Abstract
Table of contents
List of table
List of figures
CHAPTER ONE 1.0 INTRODUCTION
LITERATURE REVIEW
1.1 Flame retardants
1.2 History of flame retardants
1.3 Types of flame retardants
1.3.1 Inorganic flame retardants
1.3.2 Halogenated organic flame retardants
1.3.3 Organophosphorous flame retardants
1.4 Mechanism of action of flame retardants
1.4.1 Physical action
1.4.2 Chemical action
1.5 Improvement of the flame retardancy
1.6 Co-additives for use with flame retardant
1.7 Smoke suppressants
1.7.1 Condensed phase
1.7.2 Gas phase
1.8 Performance criteria and choice of flame retardants
1.9 Uses of flame retardants
1.10 Formation of toxic products on heating or combustion of flame retarded products
1.10.1 Toxic products in general
1.11 Human exposure to flame retardants
1.11.1 Environmental exposure
1.12 Polyurethane foam polymer
1.13 History of polyurethane foam polymer
1.14 Basic chemicals of polyurethane foam
1.15 Raw materials used for polyurethane foam polymer 1
.15.1 Isocyanates
1.15.2 Polyols
1.15.2.1 Polyethers
1.15.2.2 Polyesters
1.15.3 Surfactants
1.15.4 Chain extenders and cross linkers
1.15.4.1 Catalysts
1.16 Physical properties of polyurethane foams
1.17 Mechanical properties of polyurethane foam
1.18 Chemical properties of polyurethane foam polymer
1.19 Polyurethane foam polymer structures
1.20 Applications of polyurethane foam polymer
1.21 Alum
1.21.1 Crystal chemistry of alums
1.22 Origin of alum
1.23 Production of alum
1.23.1 Alum from alunite
1.23.2 Alum from clay or bauxite
1.24 Types of alum
1.25 Alum solubility
1.26 Properties of alum
1.27 Uses of alum
1.28 Potassium sesquicarbornate
1.29 Production of potassium sesquicarbonate (mild vegetable caustic)
1.30 The aim of this researchCHAPTER TWO
2.0 EXPERIMENTAL
2.1 Materials and methods
2.2 Apparatus
2.3 Characterization of the foam samples
2.3.1 Determination of the ignition time
2.3.2 Determination of burn length
2.3.3 Determination of flame propagation rate
2.3.4 Determination of flame duration
2.3.5 Determination of char formation
2.3.6 Determination of After-glow time
2.3.7 Determination of Add-on
2.3.8 Determination of thermogravimetric analysisCHAPTER THRE E
3.0 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
3.1 Effects of flame retardants on ignition time
3.2 Effects of flame retardants on burn length
3.3 Effects of flame retardants on flame propagation rate
3.4 Effects of flame retardants on flame duration
3.5 Effects of flame retardants on char formation
3.6 Effects of flame retardants on After-glow time
3.7 Effects of flame retardants on Add-on
3.8 Effects of flame retardants on degradation profile
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ABSRACT - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]
ABSTRACT
The
effectiveness of alum and potassium sesquicarbonate was studied by
incorporating various concentrations of the flame retardants into the
polyurethane foam sample. The flammability tests were carried out and the
results showed that as the concentration of the flame retardants increased, the
flame propagation rate, after glow time, burn length and flame duration
decreased for both flame retardants, while ignition time, add-on and char
formation increased for both fla ... Continue reading---
LIST OF TABLES - [ Total Page(s): 1 ] LIST OF TABLES Table 1. : Solubility of the compounds. Table 2. : Foam formulation using Alum as flame retardant. Table 3. : Effect of flame retardants on ignition time. Table 4. : Effects of flame retardants on burn length. Table 5. : Effects of flame retardants on flame propagation Rate. Table 6. : Effects of flame retardants on flame duration. Table 7. : ... Continue reading---
LIST OF FIGURES - [ Total Page(s): 1 ] LIST OF FIGURES Fig. 1: The combustion process. Fig. 2: Basic unit in a urethane block copolymer. Fig. 3: Structure-property relationships in polyurethane. Fig. 4: Thermogravimetric analyzer Fig. 5 : Effects of flame retardants on Ignition time. Fig. 6 : Effects of flame retardants on burn length Fig. 7 : Effects of flame retardants on flame propagation rate Fig. 8: Effects of flame ret ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER ONE - [ Total Page(s): 8 ]CHAPTER ONEINTRODUCTION CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION In every day to day activity, foam materials are all around our homes, vehicles, schools and industries. It is the cushioning material of choice in almost all furniture and bedding. It is used as carpet cushions. It is the material used for pillows, roof liners, sound proofing, car and truck seats. Foam has become such a widely used material because it provides a unique combination of form and function [1]. Types of foam such as n ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER TWO - [ Total Page(s): 2 ] Thermogravimetric analysis: This determines changes in weight in relation to change in temperature. It was determined using a thermogravimetric analyzer made by Schimadzu TA – 60ws model. The furnace of the instrument was first opened to stabilize the instrument. The furnace has two pans. The foam samples were weighed and placed in one of the pan and the second pan contained Alumina which serves as the reference point used in balancing the weight of the samples. It was se ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER THREE - [ Total Page(s): 7 ]Effects of flame retardants on Add - on:Results in Table 9, Fig. 11 show that as the concentration of flame retardant increases, Add - on increases. Add – on depends on the concentration of the flame retardants used. Since both of them are soluble in water, there was good crosslinking during the production of the foam. ... Continue reading---
REFRENCES - [ Total Page(s): 1 ] REFERENCESM.E. Bailey (1971), Polyurethane Study in Chemical Principles, Journal Chemistry Education, pp 48, 809. T.W Solomon Graham (1980), Organic Chemistry 2nd ed. John Wiley and Sons, Toronto, pp 334 – 339. C.J. Benning (1969), Plastic Foams, The Physical and Chemistry of Product Performance and Process Technology, Vol. I, Chemistry and Physics of Foams Formation, John Wiley and Sons, New York, pp 235-247J.H Troitzch (1990), International Plastics Flammability Handboo ... Continue reading---
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ABSRACT - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]
ABSTRACT
The
effectiveness of alum and potassium sesquicarbonate was studied by
incorporating various concentrations of the flame retardants into the
polyurethane foam sample. The flammability tests were carried out and the
results showed that as the concentration of the flame retardants increased, the
flame propagation rate, after glow time, burn length and flame duration
decreased for both flame retardants, while ignition time, add-on and char
formation increased for both fla ... Continue reading---
TABLE OF CONTENTS -- [Total Page(s) 1]
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TABLE OF CONTENTS -- [Total Page(s) 1]
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