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Investigation Of Effects Of Alum And Potassium Sesquicarbonate On The Fire Characteristics Of Flexible Polyurethane Foam
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CHAPTER THREE
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The results of the fire characteristics of the foam samples are shown below.
Effects of flame retardants on ignition time
Results in Table 3, Fig. 5 show that ignition time increases as the concentration of flame retardant increases. Ignition is the releasing of energy to trigger the initial chemical action of combustion [17]. At 0%, the ignition time was low indicating there was no flame retardant on the sample. At 0.1 - 0.5% , the result of potassium sesquicarbonate was higher than that of alum, though there was considerable increase in both of them. The higher ignition time for samples with potassium sesquicarbonate was probably because it has a higher retarding effect on the foam samples than alum.
Effects of flame retardants in burn length
Results in Table 4, Fig. 6 show that Burn length decreases as the concentration of the flame retardant increases. At 0% , the foam samples gave the highest burn length because of probably no flame retarding effect on the foam. At 0.1 - 0.5% , foam samples incorporated with potassium sesquicarbonate has a much decreased burn length on the foam sample than alum because of probably the chemical constituent in the sesquicarbonate that enhances its flame retardancy.
Hence, incorporation of potassium sesquicarbonate on the foam sample helps in reducing the effect of fire burnability on the foam sample.
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ABSRACT - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]
ABSTRACT
The
effectiveness of alum and potassium sesquicarbonate was studied by
incorporating various concentrations of the flame retardants into the
polyurethane foam sample. The flammability tests were carried out and the
results showed that as the concentration of the flame retardants increased, the
flame propagation rate, after glow time, burn length and flame duration
decreased for both flame retardants, while ignition time, add-on and char
formation increased for both fla ... Continue reading---
LIST OF TABLES - [ Total Page(s): 1 ] LIST OF TABLES    Table 1.   :      Solubility of the compounds. Table 2.   :      Foam formulation using Alum as flame retardant. Table 3.  :      Effect of flame retardants on ignition time. Table 4.   :      Effects of flame retardants on burn length. Table 5.   :      Effects of flame retardants on flame propagation Rate. Table 6.  :      Effects of flame retardants on flame duration. Table 7.   :    ... Continue reading---
LIST OF FIGURES - [ Total Page(s): 1 ] LIST OF FIGURES Fig. 1:      The combustion process. Fig. 2:      Basic unit in a urethane block copolymer. Fig. 3:      Structure-property relationships in polyurethane. Fig. 4:      Thermogravimetric analyzer Fig. 5 :      Effects of flame retardants on Ignition time. Fig. 6 :      Effects of flame retardants on burn length Fig. 7 :      Effects of flame retardants on flame propagation rate Fig. 8:      Effects of flame ret ... Continue reading---
TABLE OF CONTENTS - [ Total Page(s): 1 ] TABLE OF CONTENTS   Title page Certification                                      Dedication                                         Acknowledgements                           Abstract                                            Table of contents            ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER ONE - [ Total Page(s): 8 ]CHAPTER ONEINTRODUCTION CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION In every day to day activity, foam materials are all around our homes, vehicles, schools and industries. It is the cushioning material of choice in almost all furniture and bedding. It is used as carpet cushions. It is the material used for pillows, roof liners, sound proofing, car and truck seats. Foam has become such a widely used material because it provides a unique combination of form and function [1]. Types of foam such as n ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER TWO - [ Total Page(s): 2 ] Thermogravimetric analysis: This determines changes in weight in relation to change in temperature. It was determined using a thermogravimetric analyzer made by Schimadzu TA – 60ws model. The furnace of the instrument was first opened to stabilize the instrument. The furnace has two pans. The foam samples were weighed and placed in one of the pan and the second pan contained Alumina which serves as the reference point used in balancing the weight of the samples. It was se ... Continue reading---
REFRENCES - [ Total Page(s): 1 ] REFERENCESM.E. Bailey (1971), Polyurethane Study in Chemical Principles, Journal Chemistry Education, pp 48, 809. T.W Solomon Graham (1980), Organic Chemistry 2nd ed. John Wiley and Sons, Toronto, pp 334 – 339. C.J. Benning (1969), Plastic Foams, The Physical and Chemistry of Product Performance and Process Technology, Vol. I, Chemistry and Physics of Foams Formation, John Wiley and Sons, New York, pp 235-247J.H Troitzch (1990), International Plastics Flammability Handboo ... Continue reading---
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ABSRACT - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]
ABSTRACT
The
effectiveness of alum and potassium sesquicarbonate was studied by
incorporating various concentrations of the flame retardants into the
polyurethane foam sample. The flammability tests were carried out and the
results showed that as the concentration of the flame retardants increased, the
flame propagation rate, after glow time, burn length and flame duration
decreased for both flame retardants, while ignition time, add-on and char
formation increased for both fla ... Continue reading---