An Insight Into The Drug Resistance Profile And Mechanism Of Drug Resistance In Neisseria Gonorrhoeae

DRUG RESISTANCE PROFILE OF NEISSERIA GONORRHOEAE.
Neisseria gonorrhea is a bacteria which cause sexual transmitted disease in human being, this bacteria   was discovered in the early 1930s. Sulphanilamide was introduced as an anti-microbial against Neisseria gonorrhea as early as in 1837. (Dees and colston, 1937).
However, the bacteria became resistant quickly against the antimicrobial “sulphanilamide” within a span of two years. At the same time, when sulphanilamide were given as treatment for gonorrhea. Alexander Fleming also documented the ability of penicillin to inhibit the growth of Neisseria gonorrhea (Fleming 2001). There after penicillin became the choice of antimicrobial for treatment of gonorrhea.
    The susceptibility profit of N. gonorrhea against penicillin (and other antimicrobials) was monitor through out the world, in Vitro resistance to penicillin was expressed in a uniform manner in terms of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). During the initial years of treatment of gonorrhea with penicillin, all the isolate had an MIC of < 0.0125mg/l and were considered to be sensitive to the treatment. Gradually the bacteria began to develop high resistance to penicillin as the value for the MIC increase rapidly.
    Coincident with the development of resistance to penicillin, gonococci also developed resistance to several other antibiotic including, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, erythromycin and streptomycin. (Ison et al, 1988). Tetracycline was also considered as another important antimicrobial since it’s in expensive. It was not possible to evaluate the contribution of tetracycline in management of gonorrhea. This is thesame for azithromycin, although it is more expensive. (Whittington and knapp 1999).
    During the quinolone era in the treatment of gonorrhea in response to the increasing frequency of isolation of penicillin, tetracycline, streptomycin resistance strain of N. gonorrhea thought the whole world. The centre for diseases control and prevention (CDC) recommend the use broad spectrum cephalosporin or fluoroquinolones for the treatment of gonorrhoeae. But as time goes on the bacteria become resistant to the drug and it is not more suitable for the  treatment of gonoeehoea.
    Consequent to the increase in the resistance profile of Neisseria gonorrhea towards quinolones, Third generation cephalosporin, both injection (ceftriaxone) and oral (cefixime and cefdinir), this treatment were the only available treatment recommended by CDC and national organization  ( Ray et all, 2005)