Mathematical Model On Gonorrhoea Transmission

INTRODUCTION

Many people are in chaos about the negative influence of Gonorrhea disease. It has rendered a lot of men and women infertile in protracted case and complications.

Gonorrhea is a sexual transmitted disease caused by pathogen neisseria gonorrhoeae. The bacteria can live inside the cells of the cervix (entrance to the uterus), the urethra (tube where urine comes out), the rectum, the throat and occasionally the eyes. The bacteria are found mainly in the semen and vaginal fluids of women who have the infection.

Gonorrhea is mainly passed from one person to another through sexual contact. Anyone who is sexually active can get it and pass it on. You don’t need to have lots of sexual partners.

Gonococcus infection does not seem to confer immunity more precisely none of the immunologic defense mechanism has been shown to consistently prevent re-infection. This may be due the great advancement of gonococcus surface antigens in order for an individual to become infected; gonococci must attach themselves to mucosal surface so that they will not be washed away by urine and mucosal flows. The gonococci have hair – like appendages called Pili which enhance their attachment lymphote activation and production of migration inhibition factor to various gonococcus antigens has to be shown, however the presence of a cellular immune response does not protect against re –infection.

Individual with pelvic inflammatory disease the presence of bactericidal antibody does not protect individuals from either subsequent re-infection or PID.

Nevertheless, no vaccine which prevents gonorrhea is now available one vaccine containing gonococcus pili elicited the production of antibodies both in blood and in the secretion of the urinogenital tract, where they may prevent bacterial attachment (Marx 1980). Another gonococcus Pili vaccine stimulated the production of antibodies in the blood, but had only a slightly temporary effect in the secretary antibodies of the urinogenital tract since there are about 1000 identifiable strains of gonococci with different pili, a gonorrhea vaccine would have to contain a variety of pili. Both gonorrhea and meningococcal meningitis are infections of mucosal surfaces and because the recent developed vaccine for meningitis only provides immunity for several months, it is possible that a gonorrhea vaccine would only provide temporary immunity vaccine that produce permanent immunity are generally directed at viral diseases.

Gonorrhea has three striking epidemiology characteristics which must be incorporated into a model.

The first is that gonococcus infection does not confer protective immunity. It says that individuals are susceptible again as soon as they recover from infection indeed, this lack of protective immunity makes gonorrhea very different from other diseases such as measles, mulps, chicken pox e.t.c.

Secondly, individuals who acquire gonorrhea become infectious within a day or two. Therefore, the latent period is very short compared other viral diseases such as 12days for measles, 15days for chicken pox e.t.c .

Thirdly, the seasonal oscillations in gonorrhea incidence are very small (Less than 10%). In contrast, the incidences of disease such as influenza, measles, mulps and chickenpox often vary seasonally by factor of 5 to 50 or more.

Thus models which use constant values for parameter provide good approximation for gonorrhea. Because of the numerous complex interactions in a population, it is difficult to comprehend the large scales dynamics of disease spread without the formal structure of a mathematical model. An epidemic model uses a microscopic description (the role of an infections individual to predict the macroscopic behavior of disease spread through a community. The purpose of mathematical models is to achieve a better understanding of how the biological and sociological mechanism influence disease spread.

The negative influence of gonorrhea in our society cannot be overemphasized. Therefore, all hands should be on deck to alleviate and eradicate gonorrhea disease in our system.

1.1 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

We study the gonorrhea disease which impaired reproductive level principally to:

1. Understand what the disease is

2. Understand how it is contracted, controlled using chemotherapy and other means.

3. Illustrate schematic interaction or flow diagram involving agents that contribute in the mechanism of transmission.

1.2 SCOPE OF STUDY

This research work is on how gonorrhea is transmitted and model.

It also illustrated:

(i) Schematically the agents involved in transmission of gonorrhea

(ii) The sensitivity of the system

However this work does not cover the quantity of neisseria gonorrhea that can cause gonorrhea, level of immunity of an individual, cultural, religious belief and geographical area into consideration.

1.3 LIMITATION OF STUDY

This work is mainly limited to practical but we depend on the existing data from biologist and researchers on Gonorrhoea disease, fit in, in order to validates the models that will be built.

1.4 MOTIVATION OF STUDY

It makes me to be in state of insomnia on my view to both men and women that are infertile as a result of gonorrhea disease.

Therefore, it gives me the enthusiasm to explore:

1. Biological control of the disease

2. Mechanism and medium of transmission

3. The mathematical model that govern the transmission of gonorrhea in a given system.

4. Control measurement through mathematical model rather than chemotherapy means.

Indeed, if all these strategies will be adopted and put into practice, it will eradicate gonorrhea.

1.5 PRESENT WORK/STUDY

This work deals with gonorrhea disease in these perspectives:

1. The causes, symptoms, mode of transmission, complication, requirement for the test and treatments / controls of gonorrhea.

2. It encompasses the flow diagram which schematically illustrate the reaction of agents involved the dynamics of the disease.

3. The mathematical model that predicts quantity or behavior of the compartment involved in the transmission of the disease.

4. The veritable analysis that predict and control the dynamics of the disease.