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Route Survey Of The Stretch Of Road From Oriawo Along Ogbomoso Road, Oyo To School Of Science, Sabo Oyo Town, Atiba Local Government Area, Oyo State
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CHAPTER TWO
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW
Surveying began in Babylon and Egypt in the form of field measurements. The great pyramids which are mystery hitherto could not have been built without the knowledge of surveying principles in spite of the conflicting views about its physical construction. The Egyptians used stones to mark boundaries of their farmland along Nile valley as temporary beacons even though the beacons used to be washed away later. This led to proper and solid demarcation of boundries by permanent beacons (Clark, 1972).
Barnister and Raymond (1977) defined surveying as the art of making measurement of relative position of natural and man-made features on the earth surface and the plotting of the measurements to some suitable scale to form a map, plan or chart.
Thomas & Noriman (1961) defined engineering surveying as expression for any survey work carried out in connection with the construction of civil engineering and building project. He also stated that engineers and surveyor involved in site surveying are responsible for all aspect of dimensional control on such schemes. According to Norman the main purpose of engineering surveying are:
(i) To provide large scale topographical maps/plans and other measurements at the conceptual and design stage.
(ii) To provide precise framework at the construction stage.
(iii) To monitor structural movement on major retaining structure at the post construction stage.
Wilson (1977) believed that when there is need for design of route to be carried out, different type of plans must be acquired to enable such design to be approximately done; such plan may be cadastral and topographical in nature.
Also, engineering surveying is divided into design-data-survey and construction survey. A design- data –survey is an orderly process of obtaining data that is needed for the planning and design of an engineering report. The activities involved in design-data surveying vary according to the type and existing owner of the engineering or construction project. For example, the activities might include simply obtaining topographic data for a proposed building site or they may include extensive route surveying and soil investigation for a highway.
A route survey as the name implies is a survey that deals with the route or course that imaginary road or utility line will follow while the end product of a route survey for a highway certainly differs from that of a utility line, it may nevertheless be said that the purpose of the route survey are to:
(i) Selection one or more tentative general route for the roadway or utility.
(ii) Gather enough information about the general route to make it possible for designers to select the final location of the route.
(iii) Mark this final location.
Reginnal (1968) defined route survey as the survey necessary for the location and construction of lines of transportation or communication such as highways, canals, transmission lines and pipelines. He stated that the location and construction survey may consist of:
(i) Establishing the centre line by setting at intervals and running level to determine profile of the ground along the centre line
(ii) Taking cross section
(iii) Plotting such profile and fixing grades
(iv) Calculating volume of earthwork
(v) Measurement of drainage areas
(vi) Laying out structures such as bridges and culverts.
The execution of route surveying entails some basic processes as far as data acquisition is concerned. These are outlined as follows:
(i) Traversing
(ii) Leveling
(iii) Detailing
(iv) Curve designation
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ABSRACT - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]ABSTRACTTheproject was focused on the execution of route surveying for the purpose of road reconstruction from Oriawo along Ogbomosho road, Oyo to School of Science, Sabo Oyo Town. Stations were selected along the existing route at regular intervals as in the specificationsTheodolite traverse was run over stations, while levels were observed along the longitudinal and cross-sections of the traverse lines. All data were gathered with effective orientation from the controls, these were used to pro ... Continue reading---
APPENDIX A - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]FEDERAL SCHOOL OF SURVEYING, OYO FinalProject On Route Surveying ... Continue reading---
LIST OF TABLES - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]LIST OF TABLESTable 3.1: Coordinates of existing ground controls used Table 3.2 Collimation test Table 3.3: Initial control check observation. Table 3.4: Back computation of initial control used Closing control check observation. Back computation of initial control used Table 4.1 Sample of Horizontal angle reduction Table 4.1 Back computation of traverse pegs ... Continue reading---
LIST OF FIGURES - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]LIST OF FIGUREFigure 1.1: Study Area diagram Error! Bookmark not defined.Figure 3.1 Recce Diagram Figure 3.2: Leveling instrument set up mid-way (first set-up) Figure 3.3: Leveling instrument set up( second set up) Figure 3.4 Initial control check observations Figure 3.6 A typical monument used Figure 3.7: Longitudinal sections leveling. Figure 3.8: Cross-sectional leveling. Fig.: 3.9 – Illustration of detailing by tachometer method ... Continue reading---
TABLE OF CONTENTS - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]TABLES OF CONTENTSTITLE PAGE CERTIFICATE CERTIFICATION DEDICATION ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ABSTRACT LIST OF FIGURE LIST OF TABLES CHAPTER ONE 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.1 BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY 1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEMS 1.3.0 AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY 1.3.1 AIM 1.3.2 OBJECTIVES 1.5 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT 1.6 PERSONNEL 1.7 STUDY AREA CHAPTER TWO 2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW RECONNAISSANCE PRELIMINARY SURVEY LOCATION SURVEY OFFICE LOCATION: - CHAPTER THREE ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER ONE - [ Total Page(s): 3 ]CHAPTER ONE1.0 INTRODUCTION1.1 BACKGROUND TO THE STUDYEngineering Surveying is one of the branches of surveying which from the general express for any survey work carried out in connection with construction engineering and building project, it is a large scale topographical map survey which the basis for design of engineering works such as highways, railways, canals, tunnels, dams, pipelines and transmission lines.In the word of engineering and environmental studies, surveying has been recognize ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER THREE - [ Total Page(s): 9 ]The table below also shows the back computation of the first set of control used.From the above two tables:The Observed angle at FSS2/GPS/120 (between FSS2/GPS/121 & FSS2/GPS/118) =120º 14’ 25â€Forward bearing from FSS2/GPS/120to FSS2/GPS/118 =358º 09’ 34.64â€Back bearing from FSS2/GPS/120 to FSS2/GPS/121 =237º55’15.9â€Computed Angle betweenFSS2/GPS/121&FSS2/GPS/118 = Forward bearing-Back bearing =358º09’ 34.64â€- 237º 55’ 15. ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER FOUR - [ Total Page(s): 5 ]CHAPTER FOUR4.0 DATA PROCESSING AND RESULT ANALYSIS This involved calculations that are based on acquired data from the field observation to determine locations, direction, height, distance and area etc. some specific formulae were employed for each data set depending on the desired end products and great degree of precision was required.4.1 FIELD BOOKS REDUCTIONS Every field book was reduced to generate the final data set to be used in the final computation4.1.1 ... Continue reading---
CHAPTER FIVE - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]CHAPTER FIVE5.0 SUMMARY, RECOMMENDATION AND CONCLUSION5.1 SUMMARYThe reconnaissance, which was the main planning, was carefully carried out because of its importance to good execution of any survey project or work. Having carried out the reconnaissance, six (6) second order control stations were located and used as connection along the given route. The total number of nineteen (19) stations excluding the controls where the angles and distances were determine by a closed traverse met ... Continue reading---
REFRENCES - [ Total Page(s): 1 ]REFERENCESBANNISTER AND RAYMOND (1977) Surveying: 4th Ed, Pitman Publishing Ltd, London. Pg. 205BASAK, N.N (2000): Surveying and leveling, Tata Mchraw Hill publishing company Delhi, p.173, Pp.439-444.BRINKER, R. C. AND MINICK, P. R. (1987): Elementary Surveying, 6th Edition IEP- A Donnseley New York. Pg. 3CLARK, DAVID (1972): Pane and Geodetic surveying for Engineers, 6th edition, vol.1, London: Constable and Co. Limited, pg.144 IDEMUDIA, I.M. (2007):â€Right of Way and Acquisi ... Continue reading---
